Waste material production introduction

Both in the USA and the EU, the introduction of renewable fuels standards is likely to increase considerably the consumption of bioethanol. Lignocelluloses from agricultural and forest industry residues and/or the carbohydrate fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) will be the future source of biomass, but starch-rich sources such as corn grain (the major raw material for ethanol in USA) and sugar cane (in Brazil) are currently used. Although land devoted to fuel could reduce land available for food production, this is at present not a serious problem, but could become progressively more important with increasing use of bioethanol. For this reason, it is important to utilize other crops that could be cultivated in unused land (an important social factor to preserve rural populations) and, especially, start to use cellulose-based feedstocks and waste materials as raw material. 

BASF. In 1995 810 100 t of products were manufactured from residues. The amount of material recycled within a process is considerable (e.g. recycling of raw material not reacted on passing through the reactor or recycling of auxiliares such as solvents). The quantities certainly exceed the quantities of products sold (1995 8.1 x 10 t). By the introduction of new processes or the improvement of existing processes in the last 20 years, the formation of ca. 1.7 x 10 t of waste materials was prevented [73]. 

This paper showed a new method in utilizing textile cellulose wastes such as cotton linter, cotton yarn waste and flax yarn waste, in the production of superabsorbent material. The introduction ofthem into superabsorbentcouldsignificantly reduce theproduction... 

Introduction Chemical reactivity is the tendency of substances to undergo chemical change. A chemical reactivity hazard is a situation with the potential for an uncontrolled chemical reaction that can result directly or indirectly in serious harm to people, property, or the environment. A chemical reaction can get out of control whenever the reaction environment is not able to safely absorb the energy and products released by the reaction. The possibility of such situations should be anticipated not only in the reaction step of chemical processes but also in storage, mixing, physical processing, purification, waste treatment, environmental control systems, and any other areas where reactive materials are handled or reactive interactions are possible. 

Introduction. Etinol (chemical formula see below) is an important intermediate in the production of vitamins and food dyes, and is produced in a major plant. By using the conventional synthesis route, the raw material consumption of the presented intermediate step is very high, and the by-products formed pollute environmental compartments such as water and air. To produce 1 kg etinol in a multipurpose apparatus, ca. 3 kg raw material is required, so that ca. two-thirds of the raw materials are lost as waste, some in chemically changed form. This situation is unsatis ctory both ecologically and economically. 

EnvirOTimental trends are having an impact on electrical applications. Waste legislation includes WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment) directive 2002/%/EC which holds producers responsible for collection and recovery of materials at end of Ufe. Additionally, materials that contain bromine-based flame retardants must be removed from the waste and handled separately. In restrictions on use of hazardous substances (ROHS) directive 2002/95/EC, the use of various hazardous materials is restricted. These include lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ether. Since the introduction of Blue Angel in Germany in 1978, several other eco-labels have been implemented. These include TCO (Sweden), Nordic Swan, Milieukeur (Netherlands), and the EU Ecolabel. The general purpose of these labels is to provide cmisumers with information relating to the environmental impact of the products they purchase. 

Raw materials The successful introduction of a selective blend of solid byproduct wastes into the feedstock replacing quarried raw materials has an immediate effect The lesser the use of primary raw materials the lesser the environmental footprint of a production process. 

---