Waste biomass wheat

Waste biomass (poplar sawdust, wheat straw, paper sludge, etc.) Hydrothermal and chemical Hydrothermal conversion of feedstock in the presence of an acid catalyst Levulinic acid Galletti et al. (2012)... 

The renewable energy resource biomass also can be used in a gasification process to produce hydrogen fuel. Biomass includes organic materials such as wheat straw, animal wastes, forest residues, and special crops like switchgrass or willow trees that are grown to be used as energy sources. 

The prices of some pertinent examples of agriculture-based raw materials (biomass) are compared with oil and coal in Table 8.1. It is obvious that the cheapest source of carbon is agricultural waste, i.e. waste plant biomass such as corn stover, wheat straw and sugar cane bagasse, which consists primarily of lig-nocellulose. 

It has been estimated [3] that enough waste plant biomass is generated in the United States to produce all of the organic chemicals currently manufactured by the US chemical industry and supply a significant fraction of its liquid transportation fuel needs. For example, one ton of wheat straw affords ca. 600 kg of carbohydrates and ca. 200 kg of lignin. The former can be converted, by fermen-... 

Despite the variety of sources, all lignocellulosic material is composed primarily of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin [22], Agricultural wastes such as bagasse, com stover and wheat straw are thus a relatively cheap source of these three biopolymers. The major challenge to using lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock is the development of cost-effective methods to separate, refine and transform it into chemicals and fuels [20],... 

More than twenty years ago, it was recognized that cellulosic biomass, including agricultural residues (such as corn stover, rice and wheat straws, and sugarcane bagasse), municipal wastes (such as yard and paper wastes), and industrial wastes (such as wastes from paper mills), is an attractive feedstock for ethanol-fuel production by fermentation because cellulosic biomass is not only renewable and available domestically in most countries but also available at very low cost and in great abundance. 

Biomass. There are two predominant types of biomass starch and lignocellulosics. Com, wheat, sorghum, and potato are representative of the starch class, whereas agricultural wastes (such as com cobs and stovers, wheat straw, etc.), forestry wastes, and dedicated woody and herbaceous crops comprise the bulk of available and potential lignocellulosics. There is a general consensus that current and future supplies of biomass will not be a limiting factor in the production of organic chemicals (2),... 

Bioethanol that is obtained by enzymatic decomposition of biomasses such as com or wheat waste comes as an aqueous solution that contains about 12 vol% of ethanol (H20/EtOH >= 2 1). Pure ethanol can be obtained from this solution by distillation. 

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