Waste, amount composition

The sources, amounts, and composition of injected hazardous wastes are a matter of record, because the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)5,14 requires hazardous waste to be manifested (i.e., a record noting the generator of the waste, its composition or characteristics, and its volume must follow the waste load from its source to its ultimate disposal site). The sources and amounts of injected hazardous waste can be determined, therefore, based on these records. Table 20.2 shows the estimated volume of deep-well-injected wastes by industrial category.3 More than 11 billion gallons of hazardous waste were injected in 1983. Organic chemicals (51%) and petroleum-refining and petrochemical products (25%) accounted for three-quarters of the volume of injected wastes that... 

Keywords Refused Derived Fuels (RDF), Dry Stabilization Process (DSP), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Waste composition, Waste amount, Heating value, Emission Factor (EF)... 

Pozzolanic S/S systems use portland cement and pozzolan materials (e.g., fly ash) to produce a strucmrally stronger waste/concrete composite. The waste is contained in the concrete matrix by microencapsulation (physical entrapment). It is a chemical treatment that uses commercially available soluble silicate solutions and various cementious materials such as cement, lime, poz-zolans, and fly ash. By addition of these reagents and rigorous mixing, the waste is fixed or stabilized. Contaminant mobility is reduced through the binding of contaminants within a solid matrix, which reduces permeability and the amount of surface area available for the release of toxic components. 

Waste stream composition and flow rate can be used to estimate the amount of raw materials lost as waste. The product of the amount lost to waste and the purchase price sets the incentive for pollution prevention in terms of raw material cost alone. 

RIA techniques generate great amounts of radioactive liquid wastes whose composition depends on the specific assays that are carried out in each laboratory. Liquid wastes from RIA techniques are usually composed of different types of proteins (some of them radioactively labelled), preservative solutions, several low-molecular-weight organic compounds, and inorganic salts— all in aqueous solutions. These wastes are classified as low and medium radioactive, but they are also potentially infectious since they can contain pathogens from patient s blood [4]. Sometimes, the infectious risks of these wastes can be much more dangerous than the risks associated with radioactivity. 

Zirconate pyrochlores have a low isomorphic capacity with respect tetravalent actinides. However the amount of isomorphic substitution can be increased by coupled substitution of Ca, according to the scheme 2REE = An" -i- Ca. Production of single phase ceramic can be attained only for actinide waste streams with rather simple chemical compositions. In the case of a complex waste stream composition, extra phases occur [129]. Finally, zirconate matrices require high temperatures for their synthesis. In order to prepare REE-zirconates from oxide mixtures, sintering at 1500-1600 for about 50 hours is required... 

The optimization of the mechanical behavior of palmyra (Borassus flabellifer) waste fibers composites was reported when these fibers were used in hybrid composites with glass fibers [84]. The hybrid composites were prepared with a total fiber weight of 60%, and with glass fibers as the outer layers. The mechanical properties increased with the amount of glass fibers, and, for a particular amount of glass fibers (7 wt%), impact strength increased with the amount of palmyra fibers. 

Hydrothermal Synthesis Systems. Of the unit operations depicted in Figure 1, the pressurized sections from reactor inlet to pressure letdown ate key to hydrothermal process design. In consideration of scale-up of a hydrothermal process for high performance materials, several criteria must be considered. First, the mode of operation, which can be either continuous, semicontinuous, or batch, must be determined. Factors to consider ate the operating conditions, the manufacturing demand, the composition of the product mix (single or multiple products), the amount of waste that can be tolerated, and the materials of constmction requirements. Criteria for the selection of hydrothermal reactor design maybe summarized as... 

On the pinch diagram, the vertical overlap between the two composite streams represents the maximum amount of the pollutant that can be transfeired from the waste streams to the process MSAs. It is referred to as the integrated mass... 

This value corresponds to a corresponding y-scale composition of 0.0012, which is less than the supply mass fmction of phenol in either waste stream as well as the pinch composition. Hence, it is thermodynamically feasible for Sf to recover phenol from R] and R2. In addition, miy amount of phenol removed by S5 does not overlap with the load handled by the process MSAs. Therefore, the operating cost of air needed to remove 1 kg of phenol can be evaluated as follows ... 

With waste-heat boilers fitted to incinerators care must be taken not to over-fire. It is possible to introduce additional heat either by increasing the quantity of waste or by a change in the composition of the waste. The resultant increase in gas volume and/or temperature is then capable of imparting more heat to the waste-heat boiler. As the boiler will have been designed for a specified duty it could be possible to raise an amount of steam in excess of that which may be safely controlled. 

Waste PETP was depolymerised by glycolysis to give hydroxyl-terminated oligomers(DPET), which were used in the synthesis of urethane oils. The effect of depolymerisation temps., the type of glycol and the amount of catalyst on the yield and composition of the depolymerisation products was studied. The physical properties of the urethane oils were compared with those of a commercially-available product. The reaction of DPET with isocyanates produced random linkage between different molecules with or without terephthaloyl groups. 15 refs. 

A significant amount of waste composites is generated each year and the need for a recycling method is becoming a necessity. Environmental Technical Services has developed, with the support of the University of Missouri-St.Louis, a method for recovering valuable constituents from composite materials. The process converts the polymer matrix to lower chain hydrocarbons and fuel gas leaving behind fibres. Mechanical tests of BMC panels, reinforced concrete and compression moulded panels made with recovered fibres were carried out. 10 refs. USA... 

The temperature of the gases leaving the oxidiser is reduced in a waste-heat boiler and cooler-condenser. There will be no separation of material in the WHB but the composition will change, as NO is oxidised to NO2 as the temperature falls. The amount oxidised will depend on the residence time and temperature (see Stephenson). The oxidation is essentially complete at the cooler-condenser outlet. The water in the gas condenses in the cooler-condenser to form dilute nitric acid, 40 to 50 per cent w/w. 

Sources, Amounts, and Composition of Deep-Well-Injected Wastes. 785... 

The sources, amounts, and composition of existing deep-well-injected hazardous wastes... 

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