Volume recording

For most of its existence the Advances has been guided by the breadth of scientific insight and editorial expertise of two individuals, M. L. Wolfram and R. S. Tipson. The obituary chapter in this volume records the life and scientific work of Robert Stuart Tipson, who contributed a chapter on the nucleic acids to Volume 1 and retired as Editor with the publication of Volume 48. 

Dilatometry utilizes the volume change that occurs on polymerization. It is an accurate method for some chain polymerizations because there is often a high-volume shrinkage when monomer is converted to polymer. For example, the density of poly(methyl methacrylate) is 20.6% lower than that of its monomer. Polymerization is carried out in a calibrated reaction vessel and the volume recorded as a function of reaction time. Dilatometry is not useful for the usual step polymerization where there is a small molecule by-product that results in no significant volume change on polymerization. 

An excellent series of papers was offered, covering a wide range of themes in fundamental coal research. Of the 50 papers presented verbally at the conference, the manuscripts of 47 are included in this volume. Records of the discussions of individual papers and of the general discussions are also incorporated. It is hoped that the book will be of interest not only to those concerned in coal research but also to petroleum geochemistry and to those dealing with general geochemical problems. 

When a specimen is collected at one specific time of day, one person may be excreting at his maximum concentration and another person at his minimum concentration. For example, one day a person excreted 6300 ml of urine while one of his colleagues employed in a similar duty excreted 606 ml. Assuming both had absorbed the same amount of pesticide, we would expect similar amounts to be excreted. If only a partial urine sample was collected and analyzed, a tenfold error would be made due to dilution. Consequently, all of the urine excreted daily must be collected and the volume recorded before an aliquot is taken for analysis. 

Prepare Data Table 1.3. Calculate the percent deviation (+/-) of the experimental volume recorded from the volume value marked on the pipette. See the Radioanalytical Chemistry textbook, Section 10.3 Measurement Uncertainty, for guidance on calculating standard deviation. 

Step 4. Transfer the sample by pipette or syringe to a volumetric flask of the volume selected for sample analysis (usually 25-100 mL). Record the amount so transferred (by volume or mass), and compare to volume recorded in shipping papers. Quantitatively rinse the container several times with the same acid solution as that in which the sample was delivered. Transfer the rinse to the volumetric flask that contains the sample. Save the vial in which the sample was shipped (see Step 9). Dilute the sample in the volumetric flask to the mark with the same acid solution. (Note If the sample is to be measured by mass, make the appropriate balance measurements on the volumetric flask when empty, before adding wash and diluting liquid, and when full.) Close the flask, label it, and thoroughly mix the sample by shaking. 

As an average, import values of nutmeg, mace and cardamom decreased by 7% annually, whereas volumes recorded a slight increase over 2000—2004. Imports of cardamom made up 60% and nutmeg and mace 40% of the total import value of US 204 million in 2004. 

The data output of the automatic apparatus is in the form of a pressure-volume record on a strip chart. The chart advance and chart pen drive operate in such a manner that the relative pressure scale reads horizontally and the volume scale reads vertically. The horizontal pen position records the difference in pressure between the vapor in equilibrium with the sample and that in a liquid nitrogen thermometer in the sample bath. The chart drive mechanism moves the chart 0.1 inch for each valve cycle involved in adding, or removing, a unit quantity of nitrogen gas. 

Dilute all of the solutions nearly to volume with water incubate for 5 to 10 min, but no longer, in a water bath cooled with tap water and dilute to volume. Record the spectrum for each solution between 500 nm and 700 nm using an absorbance range of 0 to 1 and a 1-cm pathlength cell record all spectra on the same spectrogram. 

Calculations similar to these are carried out by the integral microprocessor or computer. The calculations for the monotonous titrations carried out with a constant volume addition made after a preselected time in seconds are not identical but very much the same. It should be pointed out for clarification, that the volumes to the right in the last column are the average values between the actual volumes recorded for each of the two points examined. 

The rate of addition of titrant should never be excessive, and this of course applies to biamperometric titrations carried out under continuous current/titrant volume recording. For example, there are titrations where bromine is generated as the titrant to brominate an unsaturated organic as analyte. Too rapid a generation of the bromine depolarizer relative to the speed of bromination can prematurely trigger an endpoint indication where the titration has been set to dead-stop at a specific current value. 

The measured data from any experiment include the following A, amplitude of the volume variation P or Pgs, mean system pressure (usually between 5 and 200 torr in exploratory experiments) B. the amplitude of the pressure fluctuation which will vary with frequency of pulsation co, the angular frequency of the volume variation in radians/ minute and cp, the phase difference between pressure and volume. Records of B and 9 as a function of cu can be repeatedly obtained as many times as desired for a given cu and constitute the raw output data of the experiments. 

Note that the main periods of orbital precession (19 000 and 23 000 years) are of less importance in the benthic ice volume record, whereas it is known that they increase in strength after about 800 000 years (the mid-Pleistocene transition). The lack of an imprint from orbital precession in the early part of the record and the reason for the dominance of roughly 100000 years periodicity in the recent part of the record are some of the major unanswered questions in the field. 

One of the very few model studies that have investigated variations in ice volume before the late Pleistocene transition ( 800 000 years ago) used a two-dimensional climate model developed at Louvain-la-Neuve in Belgium. It falls within the definition of an EMIC and includes a simple atmosphere coupled to a mixed layer ocean, sea ice and ice sheets. By forcing this model with insolation and steadily decreasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, the model reproduces some of the characteristics of the ice volume record. The 41000-year periodicity is present in the simulated ice volume for most of the past 3 My and the strength of the 100000-year signal increases after about 1 My. However, a longer 400000-year year period is also present and often dominates the simulated Northern Hemisphere ice volume record. 

Production volume records for di- -butyl phthalate could only be located combined with the production volume for di-/5o-butyl phthalate. The production volume of di- -butyl phthalate with di-Ao-butyl phthalate in the United States from 1979 to 1994 can be found on Table 5-1 (USITC 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986a, 1986b, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995). 

In the case of filtration at constant pressure, flow volume recordings over time are used to calculate the flow rates. The origin of the vertical axis represents go and, as Vmax corresponds to a zero flow rate ... 

The PMN regulations require that PMN submitters retain for five years (i) documentation supporting information provided in the PMN, (ii) documentation supporting the date of commencement of manufactme or import and (iii) production volume records for the first three years of manufacture or import. However, the statute of limitations for enforcement actions is five years and so it is important to be able to support the PMN submission for at least five years. It is prudent to retain this data much longer—for five years after the last manufacture or importation of the PMN substance—because there are continuing violations that relate back to the PMN submission, and the complete file and backup information will be important to defend against an enforcement action even it is brought many years after the PMN is filed. 

Attempts to implement the principle using other compositions was less successful. However, experts consider the principle today among the most promising in creation of volume recording materials for holographic memory (Ashley et al., 2000 Shelby, 2002 Liu at al., 2010). 

One of the cardinal problems of 3D holography is provision of research in the field with recording materials (Denisyuk, 1980). Volume recording media for holography are at present manufactured in laboratory conditions in the form of isolated specimens or small batches. Obtaining samples with stable and reproducible performance is, as the authors experience shows, still possible even in such conditions. 

Volume recording media and methodology of their investigation, presented in the paper, contribute in the authors unpresuming opinion to the solution of the problems in question. 

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