Liquid Volumes

Total term (spectroscopy) T Volume liquid phase in col- ... 

G. Highly agitated systems solid particles, drops, and bubbles continuous phase coefficient [E] Use arithmetic concentration difference. Use when gravitational forces overcome by agitation. Up to 60% deviation. Correlation prediction is low (Ref. 118). (PA, ar.k) = power dissipated by agitator per unit volume liquid. [79][83]p.231 [91] p. 452... 

In a closed system the rate of reaction is properly defined by a total time derivative of the concentration, if concentration is based on the closed total volume of the system or on a volume liquid of constant density. 

Ufg = cliange in specific volume liquid to vapor (m /kg) T = storage temperature (K)... 

J. Slobodnik, H. Lingeman and U. A. Th Brinkman, Large-volume liquid cliromato-grapliic trace-enrichment system for environmental analysis , Chromatogmphia 50 141-149 (1999). 

Special correlations have also been developed for liquid metals, used in recent years in the nuclear industry with the aim of reducing the volume of fluid in the heat transfer circuits. Such fluids have high thermal conductivities, though in terms of heat capacity per unit volume, liquid sodium, for example, which finds relatively widespread application, has a value of Cpp of only 1275 k.l/ni1 K. 

Because of ESE, and because of the real forces acting on the particles in the surface layer, there is a tendency for spontaneous contraction of the interfacial area. In practice, such a contraction can be realized only in the case of liquid phases, where the particles can move freely relative to each other. Hence, liquids tend to assume spherical shape with a minimum ratio of surface area to volume (liquid drops), at least when the volume is small and gravitation does not interfere, and when they are not in contact with solid surfaces. 

Hold-up time = liquid volume/liquid flow-rate... 

Yin, D. Barber, J. P. Hawkins, A. R. Schmidt, H., Highly efficient fluo rescence detection in picoliter volume liquid core waveguides, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 211111... 

Carlsson, K. and Karlberg, N. Determination of octanol-water partition coefficients using a micro-volume liquid-liquid flow extraction system. Anal. Chim. Acta, 423(1) 137-144, 2000. 

Oliver BG, Nicol KD. 1985. Field testing of a large volume liquid-liquid extraction device for halogenated organics in natural waters. Intern J Environ Anal Chem 25 275-285. 

Hence, the temperature coefficient of k1 having been measured, for an absolute calculation of k only kt) and bo must be known, and not the heat of adsorption, X. At the moment we are concerned with b0. A simple statistical estimate can be based on the assumption that in the absence of adsorption energy the adsorption space is filled at a proportion given by the ratio of the molecular adsorption volume (liquid volume Fm) to the molecular gas volume... 

Pressurized hot water can be used to extract two fungicides, thiabendazole (TBZ), and carbendazim (MBC), from agricultural commodities including banana pulp, whole lemons, orange pulp, mushrooms, and rice at extraction temperatures below 100°C and an extraction pressure of 50 atm. The extraction parameters that were studied include temperature, equilibration time, flow rate, pH, and collection volume. Liquid-... 

To extract the liberated fatty acids, 1.5 ml of 0.1 mM carbonate-bicarbonate buffer, pH 10.5 is added and the mixture is shaken for 10 s. Centrifugation for 45 min at 1500 xgin a swing-out rotor will separate the water from the lower organic phase. In a scintillation vial, 2 ml of the upper water phase are mixed with 50 pi of glacial acetic acid containing 500 pg ferric acid before the scintillation liquid is added (16 ml of Ecoscint toluene (7 1 volume). Liquid scintillation counting is done for 5 min and the LPL activity is calculated from the difference in counts between the blank and the sample vials [40]. 

The batch is prepared using a single tank. Large-volume liquid excipients and deionized water are metered into the main tank. The other materials are... 

Specific volume liquid atT1, Psat vis or density... 

An alternative technique was to use a small volume liquid nitrogen trap installed between the Teflon membrane and the pressure transducer. At the temperature of liquid nitrogen, all of the possible gas components except H2 condense to a liquid or solid state. For the above experiment, a liquid N2 cold trap was installed in the H2 capillary line between the membrane and the transducer. The trap was evacuated, opened to the line, and cooled. The ratio of postcooling to precooling pressure was 0.92. Assuming ideal mixing of the gas species in the membrane, this... 

Classical liquid-liquid and liquid-solid extractions are recently receiving additional examination, as new injection techniques for GC have made very simple, low-volume extractions feasible. Recently, several commercial systems for large-volume liquid injections (up to 150 pL all at once, or up to 1 to 2 mL over a short period of time) have become available. When combined with robotic sampling systems, these have become powerful tools in the trace analysis of a variety of sample types. Due to its simplicity, classical liquid-liquid extraction is often the method of choice for sample preparation. Some of the robotic samplers available for this type of analysis, such as the LEAP Technologies Combi-PAL robotic sampler, which has been licensed by several instrument vendors, are also capable of performing automated SPME and SHE. 

---