Volume converting units

In the simplest ideal gas law problems, values for three of the four variables are given, and you are asked to calculate the value of the fourth. As usual with the gas laws, the temperature must be given as an absolute temperature, in kelvins. The units of P and V are most conveniently given in atmospheres and liters because the units of R with the value given above are in terms of these units. If other units are given for pressure or volume, convert them to atmospheres and liters, respectively. 

In these expressions we write the rate as a positive quantity, designated by lower-case r, with dimensions of amount converted per unit volume per unit time. 

The Einstein theory shows that volume fraction is the theoretically favored concentration unit in the expansion for viscosity, even though it is not a practical unit for unknown solutes. As was the case in the Flory-Huggins theory in Chapter 3, Section 3.4b, it is convenient to convert volume fractions into mass/volume concentration units for the colloidal solute. According to Equation (3.78), 0 = c(V2/M2), where c has units mass/volume and V2 and M2 are the partial molar volume and molecular weight, respectively, of the solute. In viscosity work, volumes are often expressed in deciliters —a testimonial to the convenience of the 100-ml volumetric flask In this case, V2 must be expressed in these units also. The reader is advised to be particularly attentive to the units of concentration in an actual problem since the units of intrinsic viscosity are concentration when the reduced viscosity is written as an expansion of powers of concentration c. (The intrinsic viscosity is dimensionless when the reduced viscosity is written as an expansion of powers of volume fraction 0.) With the substitution of Equation (3.78), Equation (42) becomes... 

Solution It is apparent from the units of b] that solute concentration has been expressed in g/cm3. Dividing this concentration by the density of the unsolvated protein converts the concentration to dry volume fraction units. Since the concentration appears as a reciprocal in the definition of [17], we must multiply bl by p2 to obtain (lAA Mb/r/o) - 1]. For this protein the latter is given by (3.36)(1.34) = 4.50. If the particles were unsolvated, this quantity would equal 2.5 since the molecules are stated to be spherical. Hence the ratio 4.50/2.50 = 1.80 gives the volume expansion factor, which equals [1 + (mhb/m2)(p2/p )]. Therefore (m, tblm2) = 0.80(1.00/ 1.34) = 0.6O. The intrinsic viscosity reveals the solvation of these particles to be 0.60 g HaO per gram of protein. ... 

Data are typically reported as mass emitted per unit surface area (or volume) per unit time. This is known as the area (or volume) specific emission rate (pg/m2/h.) Alternatively, some test protocols require results to be presented in terms of vapor concentration, either in the chamber/cell itself or in a specified model (reference) room. NOTE that specific emission rate data can be converted to concentration data (and vice versa) by means of calculation. 

Strategy. Because we are given the flow into and out of the compartment (the Earth s atmosphere), we need to know the stock (M) so that we can divide one by the other and get a residence time (r = M/F). Although we do not know the stock, we do know the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere (21%). Thus, to calculate the stock of oxygen in the Earth s atmosphere, it is convenient to use the volume of the atmosphere at 15°C and at 1 atm pressure, which we figured out above to be 4.3 x 1021 L, and to multiply that by the concentration. Then, we just have to convert units to calculate the mass of oxygen in kg. 

In Table 3, reactor specifications and experimental conditions used and efficiency obtained for the different reactors are compared. A more practical engineering definition for efficiency is used instead of more scientific quantum efficiency. The efficiency of each of the reactors, expressed in terms of 50% pollufanf converted per unit time per unit reactor volume per unit electrical power consumed, is compared for the same model component (Orange II dye) and same initial concentration... 

Efficiency is defined as 50% pollutant converted per unit time per unit reactor volume per unit electrical energy used. 

In a unimolecular elementary step, a reactant molecule undergoes rearrangement or break-up. The reaction is a matter of inherent probability. At a given temperature, each reactant molecule has the same probability to react (however, see a qualifying comment at the end of this section). Accordingly, the reaction rate—defined as the number of molecules converted per unit volume and unit time—is proportional to the number of reactant molecules per unit volume at the respective time, that is, to the local and momentary reactant concentration. The proportionality factor reflecting the probability of the event is the rate coefficient, denoted k. 

Denote by the net production of mass of species K per unit volume per unit time. Since mass is neither created nor destroyed by chemical reactions but only converted from one species to another, it follows that... 

Since all polymers are viscoelastic, under alternating stress, strain will be out-of-phase with respect to the stress, hysteresis loops will be generated, and some of the mechanical energy will be converted into heat. Williams has given an expression for the energy generated per unit volume per unit of time, U as... 

The density of the solution is often needed for mass balance, flow rate, and product yield calculations. Density is also needed to convert from concentration units based on solution volume to units of concentration based on mass or moles of the solution. Density is defined as the mass per unit volume and is commonly reported in g/cm, however, other units such as pounds mass (Ibm)/ft and kg/m are often used. When dealing with solutions, density refers to a homogeneous solution (not including any crystal present). Specific volume is the volume per unit mass and is equal to 1/p. 

This shows that we have O (10 ) collisions per cm per second between molecules such as oxygen and nitrogen in air at room temperature. Yet we know that these do not react under these conditions even though oxidation of nitrogen can lead to formation of nitrogen oxides. Also, a rule of thumb for chemical reactions is that every 10-degree rise in temperature leads to a doubling of the rate of reaction. We can see by inspection that the rate of collisions does not rise in this way with temperature. Also, if we were to convert Zab into moles of collisions per unit volume per unit time, it would be on the order of 16,000 moles per cm per second Clearly, there is much more to chemical reaction kinetics than simply collisions. 

Note that R has units of L atm/K mol. Accordingly, whenever we use the ideal gas law, we must express the volume in units of liters, the temperature in kelvins, and the pressure in atmospheres. When we are given data in other units, we must first convert to the appropriate units. 

The basic units are those into which all values are converted when a calculation is conducted (kg for mass-bound substances and kJ for forms of energy). To facilitate the comparability with the inventory data, entry units were defined using a conversion formula and established as display units. In the inventory (Table 3.2) most of the substances were expressed in kg except for water and gas-oil, for which volume display units (m water and m gasoil, respectively) were defined using the density as conversion factor. Similarly, kWh was selected as display unit for electricity, wind power, and natural gas. 

Product of dry solids per unit filtrate volume and filtrate volume, converted from per cycle to per hour Mass of wet cake and filtrate per hour, i.e. c Vm+ Vp... 

Converting Units Metric Volume to Metric Volume... 

Once again the diluent flowrate must be at the same conditions as the K factor used or vice versa. To obtain an exact ratio of gas volumes, both volumes must be measured at the same temperature and pressure. The K factor simply converts the diffusion rate in weight per unit time to vapor volume per unit time. 

Liquid viscosity is usually measured by the amount of time it takes for a given volume of liquid to flow through an orifice. The Saybolt universal viscometer is the most widely used device in the United States for the determination of the viscosity of fuel oils and liquids. It should be stressed that Saybolt viscosities, which are expressed in Saybolt seconds SSU), are not even approximately proportional to absolute viscosities except in the range above 200 SSU hence, converting units fiom Saybolt seconds to other units requires the use of special conversion tables. As the... 

The units of concentration most frequently encountered in analytical chemistry are molarity, weight percent, volume percent, weight-to-volume percent, parts per million, and parts per billion. By recognizing the general definition of concentration given in equation 2.1, it is easy to convert between concentration units. 

The concentration of Pb + in the original sample of blood can be determined by making appropriate substitutions into equation 5.7 and solving for C. Note that all volumes must be in the same units, thus Vj is converted from 1.00 )J,L to 1.00 X 10-3 mb. 

The units of [77] reveal the concentration units in this experiment to be grams of protein per cubic centimer of solution. Dividing this concentration unit by the density of the unsolvated protein converts these concentration units to volume fractions ... 

Uses. Currentiy, the principal use of lactic acid is in food and food-related applications, which in the United States accounts for approximately 85% of the demand. The rest ( 15%) of the uses are for nonfood industrial applications. The expected advent of the production of low cost lactic acid in high volume can open new applications for lactic acid and its derivatives, because it is a versatile molecule that can be converted to a wide range of industrial chemicals or polymer feedstocks (1,6,20). 

Reduction to Liquid Metal. Reduction to Hquid metal is the most common metal reduction process. It is preferred for metals of moderate melting point and low vapor pressure. Because most metallic compounds are fairly insoluble in molten metals, the separation of the Hquified metal from a sohd residue or from another Hquid phase of different density is usually complete and relatively simple. Because the product is in condensed form, the throughput per unit volume of reactor is high, and the number and si2e of the units is rninimi2ed. The common furnaces for production of Hquid metals are the blast furnace, the reverberatory furnace, the converter, the flash smelting furnace, and the electric-arc furnace (see Furnaces, electric). 

The highest volume oxo chemical ia the United States, -butyraldehyde, is converted mainly iato / -butanol, employed chiefly to produce butyl... 

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