Volatile organic compounds dynamic headspace

Bianchi AP, Vamoy MS, Phillips J. 1991. Analysis of volatile organic compounds in estruarine sediments using dynamic headspace and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr 542 413-450. 

Various sample enrichment techniques are used to isolate volatile organic compounds from mammalian secretions and excretions. The dynamic headspace stripping of volatiles from collected material with purified inert gas and trapping of the volatile compounds on a porous polymer as described by Novotny [3], have been adapted by other workers to concentrate volatiles from various mammalian secretions [4-6]. It is risky to use activated charcoal as an adsorbent in the traps that are used in these methods because of the selective adsorption of compounds with different polarities and molecular sizes on different types of activated charcoal. Due to the high catalytic activity of activated charcoal, thermal conversion can occur if thermal desorption is used to recover the trapped material from such a trap. 

Westendorf, R.G. "Trace Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Foods by Dynamic Headspace Gas Chromatography" presented at the 35th Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy Atlantic City, N.J. March, 1984. 

Tsachaki, M., Linforth, R.S.T., Taylor A.J. (2005). Dynamic headspace analysis of the release of volatile organic compounds from ethanolic systems by direct APCI-MS. J. Agric. Food Chem, 53, 8328-8333. 

Uehori and co-workers (1987) developed a retention index in GC to screen and quantify volatile organic compounds in blood. A dynamic headspace analyzer and GC/FID with retention indices were employed for the detection of 1,1-dichloroethane at nanogram levels. Uehori and co-workers noted that this method is simple, reliable and requires little or no sample preparation. 

Reinert KH, Hunter JV, Sabatino T. 1983. Dynamic heated headspace analyses of volatile organic compounds present in fish tissue samples. J Agric Food Chem 31 1057-1060. 

The search of adequate extraction techniques allowing the identification and quantification of wine volatile compounds has attracted the attention of many scientists. This has resulted in the availability of a wide range of analytical tools for the extraction of these compounds from wine. These methodologies are mainly based on the solubility of the compounds in organic solvents (liquid-liquid extraction LLE, simultaneous distillation liquid extraction SDE), on their volatility (static and dynamic headspace techniques), or based on their sorptive/adsorptive capacity on polymeric phases (solid phase extraction SPE, solid phase microextraction SPME, stir bar sorptive extraction SBSE). In addition, volatile compounds can be extracted by methods based on combinations of some of these properties (headspace solid phase microextraction HS-SPME, solid phase dynamic extraction SPDE). 

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), generally have a boding point less than 200°C and a vapor pressure greater than 0.1 Torr at 25°C and atmospheric pressure. Usually a gas-phase extraction by static or dynamic headspace sampling is used to separate VOCs from an aqueous or solid samples for introduction into... 

Determination of the intact CW agents in urine or blood may proceed by the methods commonly applied to water samples. Extraction with an organic solvent and subsequent cleanup with a Florisil column is a well-established procedure. Rather volatile, scheduled compounds can often be successfully recovered and purified from biological materials by means of dynamic headspace stripping and subsequent adsorption on Tenax tubes these tubes are then subjected to GC/MS analysis. 

Yes there is and it is Method 5021 from the recently updated SW-846 series of methods published by the Office of Solid Waste at EPA. The method uses the static HS technique to determine VOCs from soil or other solid matrix. This section will focus on some of the details of this method because it includes many of the quality control (QC) features that were absent in the method just discussed. This method also introduces some experimental considerations with respect to trace VOC analyses of soil samples (34). The method is applicable to a wide range of organic compounds that have sufficiently high volatility to be effectively removed from soil samples using static HS techniques. The method is used in combination with a determinative technique that is described in the 8000 series. The method cautions the user to the fact that solid samples whose organic matter content exceeds 1% or for compounds with high octanol/water partition coefficients may yield a lower result for the determination of VOCs by static HS in comparison to dynamic headspace (P T). It is... 

All headspace techniques share certain advantages and considerations. Chief among these is that the analytes are removed from the sample matrix without the use of an organic solvent, so the resulting chromatogram has no solvent peak. This may be especially important when the compounds of interest are early eluters or are, in fact, solvents, and the presence of a solvent peak would both dilute and mask the analyte peaks. In addition, the effects of sample temperature, matrix solubility, and the volatility of the analyte are important considerations in optimizing a headspace assay, whether static or dynamic. 

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