Vitamin depression

True. Excessive alcohol use can lead to serious damage to mental health. Depression, anxiety, delusions and negative changes in personality can occur. Korsakoff s psychosis occurs in some excessive users of alcohol. This form of dementia results in disorientation, loss of memory and lowered intellectual abilities. It is reversible in some sufferers through the administration of thiamine (vitamin Bj. 

Tanner, A.R., Bantock, K.I., Hinks, L., Lloyd, B., Turner, N.R. and Wri t, R. (1986). Depressed selenium and vitamin E levels in an alcoholic population. Possible relationship to hepatic injury through increased lipid peroxidation. D. Dis. Sci. 31, 1307-1312. 

Tests to exclude possible causes of dementia include a depression screen, vitamin B12 deficiency, thyroid function tests [thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free triiodothyronine and thyroxine], complete blood cell count, and chemistry panel.21... 

This mechanism is now considered to be of importance for the protection of LDL against oxidation stress, Chapter 25.) The antioxidant effect of ubiquinones on lipid peroxidation was first shown in 1980 [237]. In 1987 Solaini et al. [238] showed that the depletion of beef heart mitochondria from ubiquinone enhanced the iron adriamycin-initiated lipid peroxidation whereas the reincorporation of ubiquinone in mitochondria depressed lipid peroxidation. It was concluded that ubiquinone is able to protect mitochondria against the prooxidant effect of adriamycin. Inhibition of in vitro and in vivo liposomal, microsomal, and mitochondrial lipid peroxidation has also been shown in studies by Beyer [239] and Frei et al. [240]. Later on, it was suggested that ubihydroquinones inhibit lipid peroxidation only in cooperation with vitamin E [241]. However, simultaneous presence of ubihydroquinone and vitamin E apparently is not always necessary [242], although the synergistic interaction of these antioxidants may take place (see below). It has been shown that the enzymatic reduction of ubiquinones to ubihydroquinones is catalyzed by NADH-dependent plasma membrane reductase and NADPH-dependent cytosolic ubiquinone reductase [243,244]. 

Cu + Co deficit Especially in Swamp ecosystems Low content of Cu and Co in Podsoluvisols, Podzols, Arenosols and Histosols. Declining contents of Cu and Co in forage species (Cu from 3 to 0.7 ppm, Co < 5 ppb) Depressed synthesis of BJ2 vitamin and oxidation ferments. Cobalt-deficiency and B12 vitamin-deficiency complicated by Cu deficiency. The prevalent diseases of sheep and cattle... 

Vitamin A. To overcome the difficulty of identification, vitamin A can be used as a label. The changes in the blood vitamin A curve following the administration of vitamin A in oil provide similar information to that given by the chylomicrograph. In malabsorption due to enteropathy the curve is depressed and delayed, and in pancreatic lipase deficiency it is markedly flattened. The use of vitamin A in oil and in aqueous dispersion is similar in principle to the use of labeled triolein and oleic acid (B4, G3, L4). 

Despite these clues, a definitive diagnosis often cannot be made. In that case, a prudent course is to treat what would be treatable. The initial evaluation should carefully look for treatable medical causes of dementia or depression. These include vitamin deficiency and hypothyroidism among others. If no medical causes are found, then treatment for depression should be started. If the patient is depressed and suffering from a pseudodementia, the patient can expect full recovery of memory as the depression resolves. But if the patient has a progressive dementia such as Alzheimer s disease, then treatment for depression has done no harm and may still provide some benefit. 

The clinical problems that arise in the menopause are hot flushes, sweating, depression, decreased libido, increased risk of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. The latter results in increased incidence of hip, radial and vertebral fractures. Oestrogen is one factor controlling synthesis of active vitamin D and osteoporosis is in part due to a deficiency of vitamin D. Not surprisingly, to reduce these problems, administration of oestrogen is recommended (known as hormone replacement therapy or HRT). HRT reduces some of the risk factors for coronary artery disease since it reduces blood pressure and decreases the blood level of LDL-cholesterol and increases that of HDL-cholesterol. However, there is considerable debate about whether HRT increases the risk of breast or endometrial cancer. 

Several compounds of lithium are used as pharmaceuticals to treat severe psychotic depression (as antidepressant agents). And lithium carbonate is also used as a sedative or mild tranquilizer to treat less severe anxiety, which is a general feeling of uneasiness or distress about present condition or future uncertainties. Lithium is also used in the production of vitamin A. 

Orotic acid in the diet (usually at a concentration of 1 per cent) can induce a deficiency of adenine and pyridine nucleotides in rat liver (but not in mouse or chick liver). The consequence is to inhibit secretion of lipoprotein into the blood, followed by the depression of plasma lipids, then in the accumulation of triglycerides and cholesterol in the liver (fatty liver) [141 — 161], This effect is not prevented by folic acid, vitamin B12, choline, methionine or inositol [141, 144], but can be prevented or rapidly reversed by the addition of a small amount of adenine to the diets [146, 147, 149, 152, 162]. The action of orotic acid can also be inhibited by calcium lactate in combination with lactose [163]. It was originally believed that the adenine deficiency produced by orotic acid was caused by an inhibition of the reaction of PRPP with glutamine in the de novo purine synthesis, since large amounts of PRPP are utilized for the conversion of orotic acid to uridine-5 -phosphate. However, incorporation studies of glycine-1- C in livers of orotic acid-fed rats revealed that the inhibition is caused rather by a depletion of the PRPP available for reaction with glutamine than by an effect on the condensation itself [160]. 

Nicotinate and nicotinamide, together referred to as niacin, are required for biosynthesis of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD"") and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP" ). These both serve in energy and nutrient metabolism as carriers of hydride ions (see pp. 32, 104). The animal organism is able to convert tryptophan into nicotinate, but only with a poor yield. Vitamin deficiency therefore only occurs when nicotinate, nicotinamide, and tryptophan are all simultaneously are lacking in the diet. It manifests in the form of skin damage (pellagra), digestive disturbances, and depression. 

Paradoxically, giving excessive doses of vitamin K or its analogs in an attempt to correct hypoprothrombinemia associated with severe hepatitis or cirrhosis may actually result in further depression of the prothrombin concentration. 

Persons with vitamin deficiency exhibit a spectrum of nonspecific neurologic manifestations, in-ciuding depression, confusion, and disorientation, which may lead to convulsions in severe cases. 

Pyridoxine vitamin Bf) deficiency symptoms are generally expressed as alterations in the skin, blood, and central nervous system. Symptoms include sensory neuritis, mental depression, and convulsions. Hypochromic, sideroblastic anemia also may result. Since pyridoxine is required for the conversion of tryptophan to diphos-phopyridine and triphosphopyridine nucleotides, pellagralike symptoms can occur with vitamin Bg deficiency. This deficiency is found most often in conjunction with other B complex deficiencies. 

Like folate and vitamin C, vitamin B6 (pyroxidine) is water soluble and like folate has several vitamers. Vitamin B6 may be involved in more bodily functions than any other nutrient (Tambasco-Studart et al., 2005), is a cofactor for many enzymes, especially those involved in protein metabolism, and is also a cofactor for folate metabolism. Vitamin B6 has anticancer activity (Theodoratou et al., 2008), is a strong antioxidant (Denslow et al., 2005), is involved in hemoglobin biosynthesis, lipid and glucose metabolism and immune and nervous system function. Possible consequences of deficiency include anemia, impaired immune function, depression, confusion, and dermatitis (Spinneker et al., 2007). Vitamin B6 deficiency is generally not a problem in the developed world, but there could be as yet poorly defined consequences of suboptimal intake particularly for the elderly. 

Vitamins Ki and K2 require bile salts for absorption from the intestinal tract. Vitamin Kl is available clinically in oral and parenteral forms. Onset of effect is delayed for 6 hours but the effect is complete by 24 hours when treating depression of prothrombin activity by excess warfarin or vitamin deficiency. Intravenous administration of vitamin Ki should be slow, because rapid infusion can produce dyspnea, chest and back pain, and even death. Vitamin repletion is best achieved with intravenous or oral administration, because its bioavailability after subcutaneous administration is erratic. Vitamin Ki is... 

The role of estrogens in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis has been carefully studied (see Chapter 42). The amount of bone present in the body is maximal in the young active adult in the third decade of life and begins to decline more rapidly in middle age in both men and women. The development of osteoporosis also depends on the amount of bone present at the start of this process, on vitamin D and calcium intake, and on the degree of physical activity. The risk of osteoporosis is highest in smokers who are thin, Caucasian, and inactive and have a low calcium intake and a strong family history of osteoporosis. Depression also is a major risk factor for development of osteoporosis in women. 

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