Virus nature

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Robinson, I.K., Harrison, S.C. Structure of the expanded state of tomato bushy stunt virus. Nature 297 ... 

Meylan E, Curran J, Hofmann K, Moradpour D, Binder M, Bartenschlager R, Tschopp J (2005) Cardif is an adaptor protein in the RIG-I antiviral pathway and is targeted by hepatitis C virus. Nature 437 1167-1172... 

Gale M Jr, Eoy EM (2005) Evasion of intracellular host defence by hepatitis C virus. Nature 436 939-945... 

Some attempts have been made to rationally increase the efficiency of endosomal escape. One such avenue entails the incorporation of selected hydrophobic (viral) peptides into the gene delivery systems. Many viruses naturally enter animal cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. These viruses have evolved efficient means of endosomal escape, usually relying upon membrane-disrupting peptides derived from the viral coat proteins. 

Logan D, bu-Ghazaleh R, Blakemore W, et al. Structure of a major immunogenic site on foot-and-mouth disease virus. Nature 1993 362(6420) 566-568. 

A variety of different vectors are used to deliver genes into cells. Because viruses naturally invade cells to insert their own genetic material, most vectors now in use are modified viruses (i.e., the genes the virus would use to cause an infection are removed and replaced with the desired normal human DNA sequence). The principal types of vectors include the following. 

One of the most commonly used vectors, these viruses naturally insert their RNA, in the form of reverse-transcribed DNA, into the chromosomes of dividing cells. Most retroviruses can traverse the nuclear membranes of dividing cells only an exception is the lentivirus (of which HIV is an example). 

Franklin, R. E. (1955). Structure of tobacco mosaic virus. Nature 175,379A381. 

Waterhouse, P.M., Wang, M.B., and Lough, T. (2001). Gene silencing as an adaptive defence against viruses. Nature 411 834-842. 

Chang, E.H., Furth, M.E., Scolnick, E.M., and Lowry, D.R. (1982). Tbmorigenic transformation of manunaliEtn cells induced by a normal human gene homologous to the oncogene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus, Nature 297,474. 

Shinnick, T.M., Lemer, R.A., Sutcliffe, J.G. (1981). Nucleotide sequence of Moloney murine leukemia virus. Nature, 293, 543-548. 

Donnelly JJ, Friedman A, Martinez D, Montgomery DL, Shiver JW, Motzel SL, Ulmer JB, Liu MA. Preclinical efficacy of a prototype DNA vaccine enhanced protection against antigenic drift in influenza virus. Nature Med 1995 1 583-586. 

Potable Water Treatment. Treatment of drinking water accounts for about 24% of the total activated carbon used in liquid-phase applications (74). Rivers, lakes, and groundwater from wells, the most common drinking water sources, are often contaminated with bacteria, viruses, natural vegetation decay products, halogenated materials, and volatile organic compounds. Normal water disinfection and filtration treatment steps remove or destroy the bulk of these materials (75). However, treatment by activated carbon is an important additional step in many plants to remove toxic and other organic materials (76—78) for safety and palatability. 

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This separation is based on the size of the porous, hydrophobic gels. The pore size must be greater than the pore size of the molecules to be separated. Gel-permeation cleanup (GPC) is used for cleaning sample extracts from synthetic macromolecules, polymers, proteins, lipids, steroids, viruses, natural resins, and other high molecular weight compounds. Methylene chloride is used as the solvent for separation. A 5 mL aliquot of the extract is loaded onto the GPC column. Elution is carried out using a suitable solvent, and the eluate is concentrated for analysis. 

Temin HM, Mizutani S (1970) RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of Rous sarcoma virus. Nature 2261211-1213... 

Banner DW, Nave C, Marvin DA, Structure of the protein and DNA in fd filamentous bacterial virus, Nature, 289 814-816, 1981. 

Franz, T., Lohler, J., Fusco, A., Pragnell, I. B., Nobis, P., Padua, R., et al. (1985) Transformation of mononuclear phagocytes in vivo and malignant histiocytosis caused by a novel murine spleen focus-forming virus. Nature 315,149-151. 

Deng, H. K., Unutmaz, D., KewalRamani, V. N., and Littman, D. R. (1997) Expression cloning of new receptors used by simian and human immunodeficiency viruses. Nature 388, 296-300. 

WATERHOUSE, P. M., WANG, M.-B., LOUGH, T Gene silencing as an adaptive defense against viruses, Nature, 2001, 411,834-842. 

Adrian, M., Dubochet, J., Lepault, J., and McDowall, A.W. (1984). Cryo-electron microscopy of viruses. Nature. 308, 3236. 

VIRUS FAMILY DISEASE (VIRUS) NATURAL DISTRIBUTION USUAL SOURCE OF HUMAN INFECTION INCUBATION (DAYS)... 

Fisher, A. J., and Johnson, J. E. (1993). Ordered duplex RNA controls capsid architecture in an icosahedral animal virus. Nature 361, 176-179. 

Buckley, S.M., Casals, J., Downs, W.G. Isolation and antigenic characterization of Lassa virus. Nature 1970 227 174. 

Caspar, D. L. D. Structure of tomato bushy stunt virus. Nature (London) 177, 476-477 (1956). 

Parsegian, V.A., Brenner, S.L. The Role of Longe Range Forces in Ordered Arrays of Tobacco Mosaic Virus. Nature, 1976, 259, p. 632. 

Lamarre D. An NS3 Protease Inhibitor with Antiviral Effects in Humans Infected with Hepatitis C Virus. Nature 2003 426 186-189. 

Yuspa, S. H., Kilkenny, A. E., Stanley, J., and Lichti, U. (1985). Keratinocytes blocked in phorbol ester-responsive early stage of terminal differentiation by sarcoma viruses. Nature 314, 459-462. 

Fouchier RA, Kuiken T, Schutten M, Van Amerongen G, Van Doomum GJ, Van den Hoogen BG, Peiris M. et al. Aetiology Koch s postulates fulfilled for SARS virus. Nature 2003 423 240. 

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