Viruses encoding chemokines

Benelli R. Distinct chemotactic and angiogenic activities of peptides derived from Kaposi s sarcoma virus encoded chemokines. Int J Oncol 2000 17(1) 75-81. 

Alcami, A., Viejo-BorboDa, A. (2009). Identification and characterization of virus-encoded chemokine binding proteins. Methods in Enzymology, 460, 173—191. 

Rosenkilde, M. M. (2005). Virus-encoded chemokine receptors—Putative novel antiviral drug targets. Neuropharmacology, 48, 1—13. 

Virus-Encoded Chemokine Receptor (SECRET) Domain... 

Lateef, Z., Baird, M.A., Wise, L.M., Mercer, A.A., and Fleming, S.B. (2009) The orf virus encoded chemokine binding protein is a potent inhibitor of inflammatory monocyte recruitment in a mouse skin model. The Journal of General Virology, 90, 14778-1482. 

Rucker, J., Edinger, A. L Sharron, M Lee, B., Berson, J. F Yi, Y., et al. (1997) Utilization of chemokine receptors, orphan receptors, and herpes virus-encoded receptors by diverse human and simian immunodeficiency viruses../. Virol. 71,... 

Virally encoded chemokines have also been discovered, in several herpesviruses (e.g. HHV-8, mouse cytomegalovirus) and in molluscum conta-giosum virus (MCV), a human poxvirus which causes the skin disease molluscum contagiosum. Interestingly, broad-spectrum chemokine receptor antagonist activity has been reported for several of these molecules, including vMIP-II of HHV-8 and MC148R of... 

Virus-encoded receptors for cytokines and chemokines. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 9, 359-368. 

Jensen, K.K., D.J. Manfra, M.G. Grisotto, A.P. Martin, G. Vassileva, K. Kelley, T.W. Schwartz, and S.A. Lira. The human herpes virus 8-encoded chemokine receptor is required for angioproliferation in a murine model of Kaposi s sarcoma. J Immunol 174 3686-94, 2005. 

Over the last several years we have started to learn that chemokine mimicry by herpesvirus is common and important for the virus. What has come as a surprise is that herpesvirus encoded chemokines and chemokine receptors have positive effects and are not only used by the virus to block the chemokine system or evade the host immune response. Accordingly it seems inevitable that these pro-inflammatory chemokine elements play imporant roles in viral growth and dissemination in vivo. 

Eo SK, Lee S, Chun S, Rouse BT. Modulation of immunity against herpes simplex virus infection via mucosal genetic transfer of plasmid DNA encoding chemokines. J Virol 2001 75 569-578. 

Virus encoded secreted chemokine binding protein vCKBP... 

Fig. 1. Human cellular and human CMV-encoded chemokine receptors and their corresponding ligands. Cellular chemokine receptors that bind only one ligand (single ligand) or those that bind several ligands (multiple ligands) are shown. The human herpesvirus chemokine receptors (virus encoded) and their ligands are given where determined. The old nomenclature has been used here. For the new nomenclature see Murphy et al. (2000)...

The US28-encoded chemokine receptor can serve as a coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry and play a role in cell-to-cell fusion between cells expressing HIV envelopes and those expressing pUS28 (Choe et al. 1998 Ohagen... 

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