Virtual and Augmented Reality

Virtual constructs are essential tools in a number of applications utilizing the concept of telepresence and/or teleimmersion by users of networked computers. Teleinstruction, telemedicine, and different types of teleworking are examples of how the development of networked communication and collaboration leads to an increasing number of applications using virtual and augmented reality. 

Kimer, C. Evolugao da realidade virtual no Brasil. 2008. In X Symposium on Virtual and Augmented Reality. Joao Pessoa, PB, Brasil. Available at http7/www.lbd. dcc.ufmg.br/bdbcomp/servlet/ Evento id = 431. 

Multimedia transmission is gradually entering practically all applications, together with exploitation of the above-mentioned techniques of telepresence and teleimmersion (these techniques are characterized by combining distant access with virtual reality and augmented reality concepts see Section 2). 

In some cases, it is important to migrate the rehabilitation phase to patients home where it is possible to adapt the actual environment to personal needs after medical staff understood the best living conditions, for example using Virtual Reality (VR) simulations [10,11] and Augmented Reality (AR) using video or optical See-Through Devices [12,13]. 

In such cases, virtual environments are substituted for by virtual reaMty models. These models provide virtual reality by mimicking the supposed environment but not copying it. However, in some apphcations a mix of virtual copies and virtual models is needed. In augmented reality, transmitted information about the attributes of the considered real environment is used together with model parameters about a model environment to build up a virtual construct for the supposed environment. 

Chapter 16 looks at applications for parametric sound synthesis, including user-interfaces, data sonification, digital Foley, virtual reality, augmented reality, computer music, interactive art, animation, and gaming. The chapter concludes with thoughts on the future of parametric digital sound synthesis. 

The virtuality continuum proposed by Milgram states that augmented reality is just one expression of a mixed reality, which combines real and virtual (Milgram and Kishino 1994). 

Augmented reality (AR) is a variation on virtual reality (VR). Unlike VR, the user is with AR not completely immersed in a virtual environment. The characteristic of AR is that the user can see the real world, as it is at that moment, with virtual objects projected on or combined with it. AR is used in situations in which the user must be able to relate virtual information to the real situation. Both real and virtual information complement each other therefore, we can say that AR supplements reality, rather than completely replacing it... 

Degree of embedding the physical reality Interactions take place in both the real and the virtual world, VR can be seen as a form of mixed reality (as Augmented Reality). 

Virtual Reality has been widely used in manufacturing systems simulation, Rubio [9], Sanz-Lobera [10] or Kadir et al [11], but it has not been employed in combination with real elements. In this way. Augmented Reality (AR) also combines real and virtual elements in manufacturing simulations. Nee et al [12], but in AR real and virtual elements develop actions of different nature and works with elements whose behavior is clearly different. In a hybrid FMS, real and virtual elements of the same nature co-exist and work together. 

DMU is a core method in CE in the aerospace industry for assembly examination, layout examination, interference checking, and maintainability (see Chap. 13). Based on complete CAD data and a powerful PDM system, DMU can be created synchronously with each design activity. Based on advantages of DMU, the use of the Physical Mock-up has been reduced dramatically over the past years. Beside of standard monitors, many diff erent graphics devices are used for graphical output in aerospace industry (mobile devices, virtual, augmented and mixed reality). 

In terms of configuring the lAT system for use, much of the work involved in the authoring of training scenarios will relate to the construction of the augmented reality in which Live and Virtual participants will operate. Where Constructive... 

Augmented Reality is known as a technology, or extension of Virtual Reality (VR). They differ primarily by the environment created—totally artificial (VR) or hybrid and real (AR). Augmented Reality has come to make the interface user interaction as natural as possible, allowing the handling... 

Augmented reality consists of a combination of informational elements of virtual reality with scenes of physical reality. With the use of devices and techniques (semi-transparent mirrors, semitransparent screens, stereoscopic projection) can be added synthetic visual information to complement existing physically visual information in a scene. (Silva et al., 2009). 

In the third research, Gonsalves (2012) proposed the use of Augmented Reality, through the use of serious game , for the guidance of the use of a new product (electric appliance). For both, virtual objects and sound instructions were generated from fiducial markers (Figure 3). 

Burke, J.W., McNeill, M.D.J., Charles, D.K., Morrow, P.J., Crosbie, J.H., McDonough, S.M. Augmented reality games for upper-limb stroke rehabilitation. In 2010 Second International Conference on Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious Apphcations (VS-GAMES), pp. 75-78. IEEE (2010)... 

The term Augmented Reality (AR) was introduced in the early 1990s [1] to designate a specific form of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), in which views of the real world are enhanced by computer-generated content [2]. The real and virtual elements in an AR system are semantically and spatially related. Compared... 

Neumann, U., Majoros, A. Cognitive, performance, and systems issues for augmented reality applications in manufacturing and maintenance. In 1998 VRAIS Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, pp. 4-1 (1998)... 

Augmented Reality (AR) consists of the combination of the real world with virtual elements through a camera in real time. This emerging technology has already been applied in industrial fields such as production and maintenance with several benefits, e.g. time reduction to locate and perform a task, improvement of the learning process and increment of overall efficiency [1, 2],... 

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