Mixed reality

Augmented reality is a form of mixed reality where the live view of a real-world environment is enhanced by virtual (interactive) overlay techniques. The original publication that introduced the term was stated as the opposite of VR use computers to augment objects in the real world instead of using computers to enclose people in an artificial world (Wellner et al. 1993). 

The virtuality continuum proposed by Milgram states that augmented reality is just one expression of a mixed reality, which combines real and virtual (Milgram and Kishino 1994). 

Milgram P, Kishino F (1994) A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays. lEICE Trans Inf Syst E77-D 1321-1329... 

Degree of embedding the physical reality Interactions take place in both the real and the virtual world, VR can be seen as a form of mixed reality (as Augmented Reality). 

The combination of DMU data with real life imagery captured in real time, live with video cameras produce an augmented reality (AR) or mixed reality (MR). AR/MR tools replace computer algorithms for geometry positioning, e.g. in... 

Aoyama H, Kimishima Y (2009) Mixed reality system for evaluating designability and operability of information appliances. Int J Ineract Des Manuf 3 157-164... 

DMU is a core method in CE in the aerospace industry for assembly examination, layout examination, interference checking, and maintainability (see Chap. 13). Based on complete CAD data and a powerful PDM system, DMU can be created synchronously with each design activity. Based on advantages of DMU, the use of the Physical Mock-up has been reduced dramatically over the past years. Beside of standard monitors, many diff erent graphics devices are used for graphical output in aerospace industry (mobile devices, virtual, augmented and mixed reality). 

Fig. 28.4 Long-term forecast for use of virtual and mixed reality at daintier (reproduced with kind permission from Daimler AG 2014 [43])...

Figure 4.15 Mixed reality guidance for transcatheter aortic valve replacement realtime ultrasound data from the transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) probe is integrated with a model of the tracked stent (green) and relevant anatomy is defined from the tracked TEE (red/green splines define valve nadir/commissures, blue/orange spheres mark coronary ostia locations).

Linte CA, Davenport KP, Cleary K, Peters C, Vosburgh KG, Navab N, et al. On mixed reality environments for minimally invasive therapy guidance systems architecture, successes and challenges in their implementation from laboratory to clinic. Comput Imaging Graph 2013b 37 83—97. 

Brown, B., MacColl, L, Chalmers, M., Galani, A., Randall, C., Steed, A. Lessons from the Lighthouse Collaboration in a Shared Mixed Reality System. In Proc. ACM Conf. Human Factors in Computing Systems CHI 2003, Ft Lauderdale, FL, pp. 577-585. ACM,... 

Muller, D., Bruns, E.W., Erbe, H.-H., Robben, B., Yoo, Y.-H. Mixed reality learning spaces for collaborative experimentation a challenge for engineering education and training. IJOE Int. J. Online Eng. 3(4) (2007). http //www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/ mueUer/ en/publ assets/2007-ijoe-mueUer.pdf... 

Traskback, M., Haller, M. Mixed reality training application for an oil refinery user requirements. Virtual Reahty Continuum and its applications in Industry. Paper presented at VRCAI 04, Singapore, June 2004... 

It is useful, nevertheless, to bring to mind their composition and their means of action (Goodacre, 1958). Several components of the same family can in reality be utilized tetraethyl lead, Pb ( 2115)4 or TEL, tetramethyl lead, Pb (CHg) or TML, mixtures of these products or yet mixed chemical components including various combinations of the groups C2Hg and CH3 Pb ( 2115)2 ( 113)2, Pb ( 2115)3 113, Pb ( 2Hg) ( 113)3. 

The theoiy enables a reasonable estimate of sample quantity needed to attain specified accuracy of a composition variable. The result is an ideal quantity—not realized in practice. Actual quantities for practical estimation are larger by an appropriate multiple to account for the reality that material is incompletely mixed when stored in stockpiles or carried on conveyors. Sample quantity to accommodate incompletely mixed sohds can be specified through evaluating variance by autocorrelation of data derived with a series of stockpile samples, or from multiple sample extractions taken from a moving stream (Gy, Pitard). 

However, it has to be considered that it is neither the content of free formaldehyde itself nor the molar ratio which eventually should be taken as the decisive and the only criterion for the classification of a resin concerning the subsequent formaldehyde emission from the finished board. In reality, the composition of the glue mix as well as the various process parameters during the board production also determine both performance and formaldehyde emission. Depending on the type of board and the manufacturing process, it is sometimes recommended to use a UF-resin with a low molar ratio F/U (e.g. F/U = 1.03), hence low content of free formaldehyde, while sometimes the use of a resin with a higher molar ratio (e.g. F/U = 1.10) and the addition of a formaldehyde catcher/depressant will give better results [17]. Which of these two, or other possible approaches, is the better one in practice can only be decided in each case by trial and error. 

When we do equilibrium calculations, we are usually interested in the concentrations of species present at equilibrium. In many cases, however, we have information about what we call initial concentrations, before any net change has occurred. Initial concentrations are the concentrations that would be present if it were possible to mix all the reactants but block the reactions that lead to equilibrium. These concentrations are easy to calculate from the initial conditions, but they seldom exist in reality because substances begin to react as soon as they are mixed. 

Tne derivation of eq 10 was undertaken with the assumption that the sample effluent was monodisperse in molecular weight at any V. In reality this is never the case. First, if the frequency of branching varies with molecular weight, species of different molecular weight (but equivalent hydrodynamic volume) may elute at the same V (1 ). Second, molecular weight polydispersity at V results from assorted hardware mixing volumes and band-spreading of the SEC columns 0,11). 

The length (height) and the diameter of tank reactor are close to each other or at least of the same order of magnitude. Tank reactors are usually equipped with a stirrer. In an ideal continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), a feed stream is instantaneously mixed with the reaction mixture before molecules of the stream start to react. In reality, small reactors with vigorous stirring where relatively slow reactions occur behave as if they were ideal CSTRs. The... 

In a properly operated bubble-column reactor, the liquid phase can be considered to be perfectly mixed, i.e. concentrations in the liquid are the same everywhere and correspond to those in the effluent. The gas is supposed to flow like a piston, i.e. the reactor is a plug-flow reactor with respect to the gas. These two assumptions are not entirely true, but within a certain flow regime they are not far from the reality. 

Nothing is quite what it seems in this fizzy, heady brew. Alchemy, tarot cards and cabbalistic theology mix with coincidence and quantum physics to create a world of virtual reality. .. the writing is often sharply, blackly funny"... 

H2O and D2O mixed sample used in the experiment. For the absorption cross-sections, there are probably some small differences among the three isotopomers in reality. Nevertheless, this estimation should be quite realistic. The estimated branching ratios of the H and D productions from HOD at 157 nm excitation should be 2.46 with about 15% estimated error bar. More accurate measurement on the branching ratio should be possible with the experimentally measured cross-section values for H2O and D2O. 

In reality, many proteins demonstrate mixed mode interactions (e.g., additional hydrophobic or silanol interactions) with a column, or multiple structural conformations that differentially interact with the sorbent. These nonideal interactions may distribute a component over multiple gradient steps, or over a wide elution range with a linear gradient. These behaviors may be mitigated by the addition of mobile phase modifiers (e.g., organic solvent, surfactants, and denaturants), and optimization (temperature, salt, pH, sample load) of separation conditions. 

Taking sulfide oxidation (Reaction 22.19) as an example, when the fluid mixture reaches 25 °C, there are about 5 mmol of H2S(aq) and 0.6 mmol of 02(aq) in the unreacted fluid, per kg of vent water. The 02(aq) will be consumed first, after about 0.3 mmol of reaction turnover, since its reaction coefficient is two it is the limiting reactant. The thermodynamic drive for this reaction at this temperature is about 770 kJ mol-1. The energy yield, then, is (0.3 x 10-3 mol kg-1) x (770 x 103 J mol-1), or about 230 J kg-1 vent water (Fig. 22.8). In reality, of course, this entire yield would not necessarily be available at this point in the mixing. If some of the 02(aq) had been consumed earlier, or is taken up by reaction with other reduced species, less of it, and hence less energy would be available for sulfide oxidation. 

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