Vinyl chloride-ethylene-methyl

VCEMAK vinyl chloride-ethylene-methyl acrylate"... 

VCEMA vinyl chloride-ethylene-methyl acrylate... 

Vinyl chloride/ethylene/methyl acrylate terpolymer... 

Polyethylene PE Vinyl chloride/ethylene/ methyl acrylate VC/E/MA... 

Poly[(vinyl chloride)/ethylene/(methyl acrylate)] Poly[(vinyl chloride)/ethylene/(methyl acrylate)] Poly[(vinyl chloride)/(methyl acrylate)]... 

VCEMAK (Vinyl chloride)-ethylene-(methyl acrylate) plastic... 

By-products from EDC pyrolysis typically include acetjiene, ethylene, methyl chloride, ethyl chloride, 1,3-butadiene, vinylacetylene, benzene, chloroprene, vinyUdene chloride, 1,1-dichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane [71-55-6] and other chlorinated hydrocarbons (78). Most of these impurities remain with the unconverted EDC, and are subsequendy removed in EDC purification as light and heavy ends. The lightest compounds, ethylene and acetylene, are taken off with the HCl and end up in the oxychlorination reactor feed. The acetylene can be selectively hydrogenated to ethylene. The compounds that have boiling points near that of vinyl chloride, ie, methyl chloride and 1,3-butadiene, will codistiU with the vinyl chloride product. Chlorine or carbon tetrachloride addition to the pyrolysis reactor feed has been used to suppress methyl chloride formation, whereas 1,3-butadiene, which interferes with PVC polymerization, can be removed by treatment with chlorine or HCl, or by selective hydrogenation. 

Most addition polymers are formed from polymerizations exhibiting chain-growth kinetics. This includes the typical polymerizations, via free radical or some ionic mode, of the vast majority of vinyl monomers such as vinyl chloride, ethylene, styrene, propylene, methyl methacrylate, and vinyl acetate. By comparison, most condensation polymers are formed from systems exhibiting stepwise kinetics. Industrially this includes the formation of polyesters and polyamides (nylons). Thus, there exists a large overlap between the terms stepwise kinetics and condensation polymers, and chainwise kinetics and addition (or vinyl) polymers. A comparison of the two types of systems is given in Table 4.1. 

FIG. 17.2 Generalized curve for the thermal conductivity of amorphous polymers. ( ) silicon rubberr (A) polyisobutylene (O) natural rubber (0) polypropylene (A) poly(trifluoro chloro ethylene) ( ) poly (ethylene terephthalate) (V) poly(vinyl chloride) ( ) poly(methyl methacrylate) ( ) poly(bisphenol carbonate) ( ) poly(vinyl carbazole) lines are drawn according to Eq. (17.9). 

The effect of ultraviolet irradiation in air on the wettability of thin films of amorphous polymers has been studied. With poly(vinyl chloride), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(n-butyl methacrylate), poly (ethylene terephthalate), and polystyrene the changes in contact angles for various liquids with irradiation time are a function of the nature of the polymer. A detailed study of polystyrene by this technique and attenuated total reflectance spectra, both of which are sensitive to changes in the surface layers, indicates that the contact angle method is one of the most sensitive tools for the study of polymer photooxidation in its early stages. The method is useful in following specific processes and in indicating solvents to be used in the separation and isolation of photooxidation products. 

Liquid y.lv° Poly(vinyl chloride)" Poly(methyl methacrylate)e Poly (ethylene terephthalate) Polystyrene ... 

Thermoplasts are non-cross-linked materials whose application temperatures lie below and whose processing temperatures lie above their glass-transition temperatures (if amorphous) or melting temperatures (if partially crystalline). Above these temperatures, their viscosities are lower by orders of magnitude the materials can consequently be heat-formed. At the processing temperatures, however, they still show elastic characteristics, and are, therefore, viscoelastic substances. As a rule, they show no plasticity, so that the name thermoplast is incorrect. In order to be used as a thermoplast, a material must consist of non-cross-linked or, at the most, weakly cross-linked molecules. Typical thermoplasts are, according to their behavior, poly(ethylene) and other poly(olefins), poly(styrene), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(methyl methacrylate), and polyamides. 

VCEMA Copolymer from vinyl chloride, ethylene, and methyl acrylate (or maleic anhydride)... 

Vinyl monomers such as CH2=CH2 (and others such as CF2=CF2), mono substituted ethylenes CH2=CH(R) (such as propylene, styrene, vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, etc.), some disubstituted olefins CH2=CRR (such as isobutylene), dienes (such as 1,3-butadiene, isoprene) and also monomers such as acetylene can be polymerized by various polymerization methods to afford linear chain polymers. In all of these po-... 

Fig. 7. Repeat units for the investigated polymers poly (propylene), poly (ethylene), poly (isobutylene), poly (butadiene), poly(isoprene), poly (vinyl chlorid), poly (methyl methacrylate) (from left to right, top to bottom)...

Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(ethylene oxide)... 

An oxychlorination/ oxyhydrochlorination process for the production of perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene is shown in Fig. 22.15. The process can accept a wide range of low-cost feedstocks, such as ethylene, chlorinated C2 hydrocarbons, and by-product streams from vinyl chloride, chloromethanes, methyl chloroform, and ethylene dichloride plants. The product ratio of trichloroethylene to perchloroethylene can be adjusted over a wide range. 

Giles, N. F. Wilson, G. M. Vapor-liquid equilibria on seven binary systems ethylene oxide -I- 2-methylpropane acetophenone + phenol cis-l,3-dichloropropene -1- 1,2-dichloropropane 1,5-hexadiene -1-allyl chloride isopropyl acetate -1- acetonitrile vinyl chloride -1- methyl chloride and 1,4-butanediol -1-. gamma.-butyrolactone. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2006, 51, 1954-1962. 

Vinyl chloride Ethylene naphth ene-2,6-dicarboxyIate-co-4 hydroxybenzoate Ethyl methaciylate-co-methyl methacrylate... 

Methyl methacrylate-co-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin I methacrylate Methyl methacrylate-co-N-phenylmaleimide Methylthiomethyl methacrylate Phenyl acrylate n-Propyl methacrylate Tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate Tetrahydropyranyl-2-methyl methacrylate Vinyl chloride Ethylene-co-vinyl acetate Caprolactan-co-laun>lactam Imide... 

Uses. The a2obisnitriles have been used for bulk, solution, emulsion, and suspension polymeri2ation of all of the common vinyl monomers, including ethylene, styrene vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, and methyl methacrylate. The polymeri2ations of unsaturated polyesters and copolymeri2ations of vinyl compounds also have been initiated by these compounds. 

Other Polymers. Besides polycarbonates, poly(methyl methacrylate)s, cycfic polyolefins, and uv-curable cross-linked polymers, a host of other polymers have been examined for their suitabiUty as substrate materials for optical data storage, preferably compact disks, in the last years. These polymers have not gained commercial importance polystyrene (PS), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), cellulose acetobutyrate (CAB), bis(diallylpolycarbonate) (BDPC), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), styrene—acrylonitrile copolymers (SAN), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAC), and for substrates with high resistance to heat softening, polysulfones (PSU) and polyimides (PI). 

Polymer Blends. The miscibility of poly(ethylene oxide) with a number of other polymers has been studied, eg, with poly (methyl methacrylate) (18—23), poly(vinyl acetate) (24—27), polyvinylpyrroHdinone (28), nylon (29), poly(vinyl alcohol) (30), phenoxy resins (31), cellulose (32), cellulose ethers (33), poly(vinyl chloride) (34), poly(lactic acid) (35), poly(hydroxybutyrate) (36), poly(acryhc acid) (37), polypropylene (38), and polyethylene (39). 

Fig. 2. Relationship between relative rate and monomer composition in the copolymerization of DAP with vinyl monomers A, styrene or methyl methacrylate B, methyl acrylate or acrylonitrile C, vinyl chloride D, vinyl acetate, and E, ethylene (41).

Chlorinated by-products of ethylene oxychlorination typically include 1,1,2-trichloroethane chloral [75-87-6] (trichloroacetaldehyde) trichloroethylene [7901-6]-, 1,1-dichloroethane cis- and /n j -l,2-dichloroethylenes [156-59-2 and 156-60-5]-, 1,1-dichloroethylene [75-35-4] (vinyhdene chloride) 2-chloroethanol [107-07-3]-, ethyl chloride vinyl chloride mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrachloromethanes (methyl chloride [74-87-3], methylene chloride [75-09-2], chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride [56-23-5])-, and higher boiling compounds. The production of these compounds should be minimized to lower raw material costs, lessen the task of EDC purification, prevent fouling in the pyrolysis reactor, and minimize by-product handling and disposal. Of particular concern is chloral, because it polymerizes in the presence of strong acids. Chloral must be removed to prevent the formation of soflds which can foul and clog operating lines and controls (78). 

Fig. 15. Oxygen permeability versus 1/specific free volume at 25 °C (30). 1. Polybutadiene 2. polyethylene (density 0.922) 3. polycarbonate 4. polystyrene 5. styrene-acrylonitrile 6. poly(ethylene terephthalate) 7. acrylonitrile barrier polymer 8. poly(methyl methacrylate) 9. poly(vinyl chloride) 10. acrylonitrile barrier polymer 11. vinyUdene chloride copolymer 12. polymethacrylonitrile and 13. polyacrylonitrile. See Table 1 for unit conversions.

The cadmium chalcogenide semiconductors (qv) have found numerous appHcations ranging from rectifiers to photoconductive detectors in smoke alarms. Many Cd compounds, eg, sulfide, tungstate, selenide, teUuride, and oxide, are used as phosphors in luminescent screens and scintiUation counters. Glass colored with cadmium sulfoselenides is used as a color filter in spectroscopy and has recently attracted attention as a third-order, nonlinear optical switching material (see Nonlinear optical materials). DiaLkylcadmium compounds are polymerization catalysts for production of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVA), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Mixed with TiCl, they catalyze the polymerization of ethylene and propylene. 

Chlorination of various hydrocarbon feedstocks produces many usehil chlorinated solvents, intermediates, and chemical products. The chlorinated derivatives provide a primary method of upgrading the value of industrial chlorine. The principal chlorinated hydrocarbons produced industrially include chloromethane (methyl chloride), dichloromethane (methylene chloride), trichloromethane (chloroform), tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride), chloroethene (vinyl chloride monomer, VCM), 1,1-dichloroethene (vinylidene chloride), 1,1,2-trichloroethene (trichloroethylene), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethene (perchloroethylene), mono- and dichloroben2enes, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform), 1,1,2-trichloroethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride [540-59-0], EDC). 

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