Vietnam War

Dioxin IS carried along when 2 4 5 trichlorophe nol IS converted to 2 4 5 T and enters the environ ment when 2 4 5 T is sprayed on vegetation Typically the amount of dioxin present in 24 5 T is very small Agent Orange a 24 5 T based defoliant used on a large scale in the Vietnam War contained about 2 ppm of dioxin... 

Benzyl benzoate has been used as an iasect repellent iu formulations for repelling mosquitoes, cbiggers, ticks, and fleas, and iu the control of hvestock iasects. Benzyl benzoate was used iu the Vietnam War to eradicate and repel certain ticks and mites. It has also found some usage iu medicine, cosmetics, and as a plasticizer. 

Brief experimentation with illicit opioids rarely leads to dependence, but persons who use opioids commonly escalate to daily use, at least once per month for at least a brief period. Among Vietnam War-era soldiers, experimentation with opioids was widespread 73% of the soldiers who used opioids at least five times became dependent however, 88% of enlisted men who became addicted to heroin did not become readdicted at any time in the 3 years after return, and 56% did not use opioids at all during that time (Robins et al. 1975). 

Concerning anthropogenic sources, methyl arsenic compounds such as methyl arsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid have been used as herbicides, and were once a significant source of environmental residues. Dimethyl-arsinic acid (Agent Blue) was used as a defoliant during the Vietnam War. 

Holland MM, Fisher D, Mitchell LG, Rodriquez WC, Canik JJ, Merril CR and Weedn VW (1993) Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of human skeletal remains identification of remains from the Vietnam War. J Forensic Sci 38 542-553. 

Kim, H., et. al., Immunotoxicological effects of Agent Orange exposure to the Vietnam War Korean Veterans, Indust. Health, 41, 158, 2003. 

Terrence Collins is the Thomas Lord Professor of Chemistry at Carnegie Mellon University who contends that the dangers of chlorine chemistry are not adequately addressed by either academe or industry, and alternatives to chlorine and chlorine processors must be pursued. He notes, Many serious pollution episodes are attributable to chlorine products and processes. This information also belongs in chemistry courses to help avoid related mistakes. Examples include dioxin-contaminated 2,4,5-T, extensively used as a peacetime herbicide and as a component of the Vietnam War s agent orange chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs the pesticides aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, DDT, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, lindane, mirex, and toxaphene pentachlorophe-... 

Don Paladin served in the Vietnam War in the Army Security Agency. When his military duty ended he returned to college with a desire to teach special education. Upon completion of his master s degree he moved into a new mobile home and began the teaching career of his dreams. Five years later he consulted a physician due to severe fatigue. Told by the physician that he was sensitive to formaldehyde, Don moved out of the mobile home, although the... 

Patandin S, Koopman-Esseboom C, de Riddr MA, et al. Effects of environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins on birth size and growth in Dutch children. Pedeatr Res 1998 44(4) 538-45.Kim HA, Kim EM, Park YC, et al. Immunotoxicological effects of Agent Orange exposure to the Vietnam War Korean veterans. Ind Health 2003 41(3) 158-66. 

Even so, 2,4-D is advertised as being safe to humans when used as directed, and there is no evidence that the chemical bioaccumulates like DDT does, or that it has any immediate effects on human reproduction or human organs. Although 2,4-D made up nearly half of the active ingredient of Agent Orange, the controversial defoliant used in the Vietnam War, the stated problems with that compound were associated with the contaminant component, dioxin, not... 

The Chinese government started an antimalarial research program to search for traditional Chinese medicinal plants to support the Vietnamese army during the Vietnam War (1965-1975). As a result, artemisinin (1) was identified in 1972 as the active antimalarial constituent of A. annua. 

A two- to threefold increased risk of birth defects among children of Vietnam war veterans exposed to Agent Orange has been suggested by several epidemiological studies, but these studies have been criticized on a number of grounds, including exposure assessment, outcome verification, and potential for recall bias. Animal studies have not demonstrated clear-cut adverse effects of phenoxyherbicide exposure on reproductive outcomes. ... 

The deal soon proved to be less of a bargain than anyone expected. Bliss had decided to mix with his oil some wastes obtained from a chemical plant in nearby Verona, where the defoliant Agent Orange, used during the Vietnam War, was produced. Residents began to wonder about the oil treatment when the treated roads developed an eerie purple sheen and animals in the area began to die. Town officials soon decided to call in the newly created (1970) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to determine the effects (if any) Bliss s oil treatment had had on the community. 

Joseph J. Breen was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, on July 22, 1942. He earned his bachelor s degree from Fairfield University in 1964 and his doctorate in chemistry from Duke University in 1972. He served in the U.S. Marine Corps during the Vietnam War and for two years in the Peace Corps before accepting an appointment at the EPA in 1979. During his tenure at the EPA, Breen was also an adjunct professor in environmental chemistry at Hood College, in Frederick, Maryland, and at Trinity College and American University in Washington, D.C. 

Confidence in government also characterized the time after World War II and during the Cold War. Over the history of our country it has been seen that one of the legitimate roles for the federal government is to provide for the national defense. There s been a lot of disagreement about many other tasks but not over this one. Military and security needs carried a lot of development throughout the post-World War II period. Of course, the Vietnam War led to less confidence in the government and caused the termination of classified research projects at universities. 

This is a metaphorical scenario—lux ex tenebris—some of us may recall as having been frequently broadcast by mendacious government spokesmen during the darker days of the Vietnam War. 

Alcohol is one of the most commonly consumed drugs in the world and has been used by humans since the Stone Age. It is anxiolytic for this reason, it has been used not only for relaxation purposes but also by people with anxiety disorders to suppress their symptoms. Between 10% and 20% of agoraphobic patients are alcohol dependent. Thyrer et al. [1986] reported a 36% prevalence of alcoholism among socially phobic patients entering an anxiety disorders clinic, and [according to population studies] 20%-80% of people with posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD] are dependent on alcohol. Sierles et al. [1983], in their study of Vietnam War veterans with PTSD, found that 64% were alcohol dependent. Since the Epidemiological Catchment Area study estimated the lifetime prevalence of PTSD to be 1% in the United States population, it is clear that self-medication with alcohol for anxiety symptoms will have a major influence on the development of alcohol dependency [Regier et al. 1990]. 

Calvin Stevens developed ketamine while working at Parke-Davis in 1961. It is used as a veterinary and human anesthetic, and is a Schedule 111 drug. It was widely used as a field anesthetic in the Vietnam War, and it entered the rave scene in the early 1990s. Ketamine has been used as a date rape drug. Street names include baby food, cat Valium, honey oil, jet, K, keets, ket, special K, super acid, super C, and vitamin K (Figure 10.1). Trade names are Ketalar , Ketajet , and Ketaset . 

How did the Korean War differ from the Vietnam War What were the causes and results of each... 

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