Verifiability

Maczynski, A. "Thermodynamic Data for Technology—Verified Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data," Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukawa, Warsaw, Volume 1, 1976 Volume 2, 1978. 

Knowledge of physical properties of fluids is essential to the process engineer because it enables him to specify, size or verify the operation of equipment in a production unit. The objective of this chapter is to present a collection of methods used in the calculation of physical properties of mixtures encountered in the petroleum industry, different kinds of hydrocarbon components, and some pure compounds. 

Tests conducted on motors to verify the harmlessness and effectiveness of additives. 

To type crude oils (see Figure 2.13). This method uses an extremely accurate compositional analysis of crudes to determine their source and possible migration route. As a result of the accuracy It is possible to distinguish not only the oils of individual accumulations in a region, but even the oils from the different drainage units within a field. If sufficient samples were taken at the exploration phase of a field, geochemistry allows one to verify cross flow and preferential depletion of units during later production. 

However, more experiments using a wider range of stress ratios will be required to achieve a more complete data set, in order to verify the validity of the model under a wide range of stress conditions. 

The specific test was made into a specialized bunker of one partner of the CIAPES program. All the vessel was covered by AE sensors to locate witli accuracy AE sources. The corrosion defect was situated on the bottom of the vessel. The service pressure of the vessel was 8 bars, so the vessel was first submitted to a proof test at 12 bars. During this test, the pressure was increased with load holds in order to verify the assessment criteria. After the first hold at 4 bars, a cluster was located at the position of the defect. The number of events located in this cluster increased during all the test (figure 1). 

SOURCE VALIDATION VERIFY GEOMETRICAL CONSISTENCY OF ALL THE POSSIBLE TRIPLETS OF AT (AT31, ATTl, AT32)... 

The performance of the classifier has been verified using a number of practical applications, such as civil engineering [3], inspection of aerospace composite structures, ball bearings and aircraft multi-layer structures. Here we present shortly some results, focusing on detection of disbonds in adhesively joint multi-layer aerospace structures using Fokker Bond Tester resonance instrument, details can be found in [1]. 

Classifier structures resulting from the training were verified in a blind test. To evaluate the reliability and performance of the NSC it was subjected to a blind test using unknown data containing spectra measured for various sizes and locations of the disbonds (from 50% to over 100% of the probe size). 

The following properties of the Radon transform can be readily verified... 

It enables first to explain the phenomena that happen in the thin-skin regime concerning the electromagnetic skin depth and the interaetion between induced eddy eurrent and the slots. Modelling can explain impedance signals from probes in order to verify experimental measurements. Parametric studies can be performed on probes and the defect in order to optimise NDT system or qualify it for several configurations. 

Nielsen, S.A. Borum, K.K. and Gundtoft, H.E (1995). Verifying an ultrasonic reconstruction algorithm for non-destructive tomography. Proc. of 1st World Congress on Ultrasonics, Berlin, Vol. 1, 446-450. 

To verify the modelling of the data eolleetion process, calculations of SAT 4, in the entrance window of the XRII was compared to measurements of RNR p oj in stored data as function of tube potential. The images object was a steel cylinder 5-mm) with a glass rod 1-mm) as defect. X-ray spectra were filtered with 0.6-mm copper. Tube current and exposure time were varied so that the signal beside the object. So, was kept constant for all tube potentials. Figure 8 shows measured and simulated SNR oproj, where both point out 100 kV as the tube potential that gives a maximum. Due to overestimation of the noise in calculations the maximum in the simulated values are normalised to the maximum in the measured values. Once the model was verified it was used to calculate optimal choice of filter materials and tube potentials, see figure 9. 

This result is valid when a < 1 this hypothesis is verified since ultrasonic waves are attenuated in materials. For separating two echoes, we detect the peaks and measure the delay between them. 

In order to verify the repetitiveness of the results, each test will be realized twice. 

Of course, under the same operating conditions, the higher the thickness the lower the stress level. Further tests were carried out to map the surface thickness distribution using an ultrasonic precision thickness gauge. It was so verified a deviation of the thickness up to 10% of the nominal value. 

For safety reasons, the main components of industrial installations must undergo NDT so as to guarantee the functional capacities of equipment by verifying the integrity of the materials. This paper presents the EDF project to improve the quality for detection, localization and characterization of incoming faults inside materials, and to increase the performance of X or y radiographic analysis. 

The accuracy of the presented methods was verified using test pipes with various diameters and wall thickness of which the wall thickness was measured independently using a slide-rule. Both on film and on the monitor the wall thickness could be determined within an accuracy of ca. 0.2 - 0.3 mm. 

These tests permited us to define minimum requirements to obtain for our fabrication applications, and to introduce in our code minimum requirements and method to verify them. 

Following the draft european standard [4] for type testing, quality of the detection media shall be verified on 2 reference blocks as shown in Fig. 2. On the reference block No. 1, created by Mr. Dickhaut [7], (Nr. 3 of the MTU) the indications shall be valuated by comparison with the indications of a detection medium with known quality. On reference block No. 2 (AFNOR-C A-C) the lenght of the indications shall be determined as a measure for the quality. 

Figure I list of parameters to verify periodically (annual verification)...

As described higher, the VERAPUS prototype system is designed to verify the ultrasonic flaw detectors used for non destructive testing, in the field of periodical amuially performed verifications which are described in CEN projects. 

Verify each characteristic parameter according to a standardised methodology. 

The encircling probe was characterised with its mirror in water. As we did not own very tiny hydrophone, we used a reflector with hemispherical tip with a radius of curvature of 2 mm (see figure 3c). As a result, it was possible to monitor the beam at the tube entrance and to measure the position of the beam at the desired angle relatively to the angular 0° position. A few acoustic apertures were verified. They were selected on an homogeneous criteria a good one with less than 2 dB of relative sensitivity variations, medium one would be 4 dB and a bad one with more than 6 dB. 

In the case of the Superphenix probes we were asked to provide a 100% characterization of the probes, that meant to verify all acoustics characteristics over the 160 groups of element multiplexed around the probe. This task has required the development of an automatic acquisition and analysis system which is described below. 

The benefit is that this tool enables to verify the probes and select them for the inspection, and that it is fast and efficient. 

Ultrasonic techniques are an obvious choice for measuring the wall thickness. In the pulse-echo method times between echoes from the outer and inner surface of the tube can be measured and the wall thickness may be calculated, when the ultrasonic velocity of the material is known. In the prototype a computer should capture the measuring data as well as calculate and pre.sent the results. First some fundamental questions was considered and verified by experiments concerning ultrasonic technique (Table I), equipment, transducers and demands for guidance of the tube. 

Evaluation and calibration. A piece of tube was rotated around its own axis during four channel wall thickness mea.surements (Figure 7). The four traces are not identical A rotation apart as should be expected. The calibrations of the four equipment s from the manufacture was not the same. Especially one of the traces has less dynamic than the other three. Based on these observations a dynamic calibration system was suggested using a tube, which could be rotated around its own axis in the measuring system. The values should be verified using traditional mechanical measurement around the tube circumference. The prototype system was permanently installed in the workshop at the production hall. Experimental work was more difficult under such circumstances so our participation in the development work stopped. 

The acquisition sequence is as follows a first acquisition calibration enables the acquisition operator to verify the data before storage. The row data, together with calibration files are transferred to the analysis program. The program transforms the row data into calibrated data, which is then analysed. 

All CD s are stored in a CD-jukebox (100 CD s per jukebox), and are accessible to all HP9000 workstations under HP-UX 9.05 via the fXOS software (Ixos-Jukeman VI.3b). The Ixos-Jukeinan software has a slow time response for filenames searches on the jukeboxes. This problem has been encompassed. Laborelec has developed a dedicated static database software. This database is loaded once for all after burning and verifying CD s. All CD s are read from the jukebox and all the filenames are saved in this database. One jukebox can contain more than 65.000 records. This dedicated software retrieves files from jukebox almost instantaneously. 

Measurements have been made in a static laboratory set-up. A simulation model for generating supplementary data has been developed and verified. A statistical data treatment method has been applied to estimate tracer concentration from detector measurements. Accuracy in parameter estimation in the range of 5-10% has been obtained. 

The preceding conclusion is easily verified experimentally by arranging two bubbles with a common air connection, as illustrated in Fig. II-2. The arrangement is unstable, and the smaller of the two bubbles will shrink while the other enlarges. Note, however, that the smaller bubble does not shrink indefinitely once its radius equals that of the tube, its radius of curvature will increase as it continues to shrink until the final stage, where mechanical equilibrium is satisfied, and the two radii of curvature are equal as shown by the dotted lines. 

Refs. 34 and 35 for a more up-to-date discussion.) This they verified experimentally by determining drop weights for water and for benzene, using tips of various radii. Knowing the values of 7 from capillary rise measurements, and thence the respective values of a, / could be determined in each case. The resulting variation of / with r/V / has been fitted to a smoothing function to allow tabulation at close intervals [36]. 

Here, r is positive and there is thus an increased vapor pressure. In the case of water, P/ is about 1.001 if r is 10" cm, 1.011 if r is 10" cm, and 1.114 if r is 10 cm or 100 A. The effect has been verified experimentally for several liquids [20], down to radii of the order of 0.1 m, and indirect measurements have verified the Kelvin equation for R values down to about 30 A [19]. The phenomenon provides a ready explanation for the ability of vapors to supersaturate. The formation of a new liquid phase begins with small clusters that may grow or aggregate into droplets. In the absence of dust or other foreign surfaces, there will be an activation energy for the formation of these small clusters corresponding to the increased free energy due to the curvature of the surface (see Section IX-2). 

While Eq. III-18 has been verified for small droplets, attempts to do so for liquids in capillaries (where Rm is negative and there should be a pressure reduction) have led to startling discrepancies. Potential problems include the presence of impurities leached from the capillary walls and allowance for the film of adsorbed vapor that should be present (see Chapter X). There is room for another real effect arising from structural peiturbations in the liquid induced by the vicinity of the solid capillary wall (see Chapter VI). Fisher and Israelachvili [19] review much of the literature on the verification of the Kelvin equation and report confirmatory measurements for liquid bridges between crossed mica cylinders. The situation is similar to that of the meniscus in a capillary since Rm is negative some of their results are shown in Fig. III-3. Studies in capillaries have been reviewed by Melrose [20] who concludes that the Kelvin equation is obeyed for radii at least down to 1 fim. 

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