Climate evolution

The recent advances in modem technology continue to open new opportunities for the observation of chemical reactions on shorter and shorter time scales, at higher and higher quantum numbers, in larger and larger molecules, as well as in complex media, in particular, of biological relevance. As an example of open questions, the most rapid reactions of atmospheric molecules like carbon dioxide, ozone, and water, which occur on a time scale of just a few femtoseconds, still remain to be explored. Another example is the photochemistry of the atmospheres of nearby planets like Mars and Venus or of the giant planets and their satellites, which can help us to understand better the climatic evolution of our own planet. 

Bowen D.Q. (2000). Tracing climate evolution. Earth Heritage, Issue Mill., 8-9... 

PALAEOMAGNETIC ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENTS IN THE BUCHAN CAVES, SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA, PROVIDES A PRE LATE PLEISTOCENE DATE FOR LANDSCAPE AND CLIMATE EVOLUTION... 

In consequence, the evidence from this paper requires at least a doubling of the source quantity of methane, or of the input into atmospheric balance calculations, respectively. A third source, which is bacterially generated methane, may deliver high quantities over short geologic time. This is not included here. With higher input quantities, however, the poor stability of the simulation models would possibly disappear, and a definite determination of reactants cycling velocities and subsequently a convergent prediction of climatic evolution should be possible. 

Lowe, D.R. and Tice, M.M., 2004. Geologic evidence for Archaean atmospheric and climatic evolution fluctuating levels of C02, CH4 and 02 with an overriding tectonic control. Geology, 32, 493-6. 

See also Acid Ram Air Quality, Indoor Atmosphere Automobile Performance Climatic Effects Emission Control, Vehicle Emission Control, Power Plant Environmental Economics Environmental Problems and Energy Use Gasoline and Additives Transportation, Evolution of Energy Use and Turbines, Gas. 

On a larger scale, landscape development reflects those mechanisms that expose bedrock, weather it, and transport the weathering products away. Present and past tectonism, geology, climate, soils, and vegetation are all important to landscape evolution. These factors often operate in tandem to produce characteristic landforms that presumably integrate the effects of both episodic and continuous processes over considerable periods of time. 

On the structure and evolution of ENSO-related climate variability in the tropical Pacific Lessons from TOGA. /. Geophys. Res. 102, 14,241-14,259. 

Indeed, the most important factor that affects the future estimates of climate is the (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse gases and all kind of aerosols. The amount of these products released into the atmosphere depends upon the socio-economical and technological development of humankind. Thus, different hypotheses about these evolutions are assumed, resulting in several emission scenarios. The scenarios used in the IPCC AR4 derive from a Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) published earlier [2]. All these scenarios can be grouped in four families (storylines) that are named Al, A2, Bl, and B2. 

Fig. 1 Global mean surface temperature evolution during the last century (observed) and projected for the next century. Bars on the right show the possible range of temperature increases from different AOGCM, and also from Simple Climate Models (SCM) and Earth Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Figure taken from IPCC [1]...

Late Pliocene climatic events and hominid evolution. In Grine, F.E., ed.. Evolutionary... 

Shackleton, N.J. 1995 New data on the evolution of Pliocene climatic variability. /nVrba, E.S., Denton, G.H., Partridge, T.C. and Burckle, L.H., eds., Paleoclimate and Evolution. New Haven, CT, Yale University Press 242-248. 

Speleothems and other secondary carbonate deposits such as tufa, travertines, lake carbonates and vein calcites have the potential to provide valuable information about past climate, hydrogeochemistry, landscape development and hominid evolution during the early Quaternary and Tertiary periods. Electron-spin resonance (Griin 1989, Rink 1997) and disequilibrium methods (Ludwig et al. 1992) have proved to be useful in... 

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