Vehicles alternative

Figure 11.18 shows the experimental results obtained when a standard ICE is started using a DLC module. In the beginning of the operation, the DLC module is charged at a voltage of 11VDC. When the ICE starts, the current demand rises to 220 A, after which, the current of the vehicle alternator is used to charge the DLCs module until 13 VDC. The ICE is started three times in this example. 

American Public Transportation Association (APTA) http //www.apta.com/ (accessed September 13, 2010). An advocacy gronp for bus, rapid transit, and commuter rail systems, APTA sponsors conferences on bns and rail transit and applications of intelligent transportation systems. It pnblishes proceedings, reports, and statistics on fares and fare collection, vehicles, alternative fuels, safety, sustainability, funding sonrces, and policy. Formerly known as the American Public Transit Association and the American Transit Association. 

State-of-the-art DMFCs have not been considered for use in vehicles, except small vehicles, because of the lower efficiency and power density. In addition, a carbon-free fuel would be preferable for use in FC-powered vehicles. Alternative fuels, oxidation catalysts, reaction medium, electrolyte membranes, and electrode preparation have been evaluated to obtain optimal DLFCs. L-Ascorbic acid (AA), widely known as vitamin C, has been proposed as a novel fuel that does not require the use of an anode catalyst metal. DLFCs that use ethanol and D-glucose as renewable biofuels have been studied and developed using an anion exchange membrane (AEM). Hydrazine fuel cells were reconsidered for use in transportation based on the application of recent PEMFC technology. A novel anode catalyst for NaBILj oxidation is also described. 

Dedicated Vehicles. Only Brazil and California have continued implementing alcohols in the transportation sector. The BraziUan program, the largest alternative fuel program in the world, used about 7.5% of oil equivalent of ethanol in 1987 (equivalent to 150,000 bbl of cmde oil per day). In 1987 about 4 million vehicles operated on 100% ethanol and 94% of all new vehicles purchased that year were ethanol-fueled. About 25% of Brazil s light-duty vehicle fleet (10) operate on alcohol. The leading BraziUan OEMs are Autolatina (a joint venture of Volkswagen and Ford), GM, and Fiat. Vehicles are manufactured and marketed in Brazil. 

Table 4. Distribution of California s Heavy-Duty Alternative Fuel Demonstration Vehicles...

S. Albu, "California s Regulatory Perspective on Alternate Euels," 13th North American Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Conf (Tampa, Fla., Dec. 11—14, 1990), Mobile Source Division, California Air Resources Board, El Monte, Calif. 

Natural gas upgra ding economics may be affected by additional factors. The increasing use of compressed natural gas (CNG) directiy as fuel in vehicles provides an alternative market which affects both gas price and value (see Gasoline and other motor fuels Gas, natural). The hostility of the remote site environment where the natural gas is located may contribute to additional costs, eg, offshore sites require platforms and submarine pipelines. 

R. L. WooUey and H. M. Simmons, "Hydrogen Storage in Vehicles—An Operational Comparison of Alternative Prototypes," Society of Automotive Engineers FuelandEubricantsMeeting St. Louis, Mo., 1976. 

Recently, composite wheels have become popular. While composite wheels may eliminate the use of spokes, they are costly and do not necessarily reduce the weight of the wheel or the energy necessary to initiate revolution. As a result, composite wheels do not always provide an adequate alternative to wheel covers as they may not be readily applicable to all uses in which spoke wheels may be found. Traditional spoke wheels are still the predominant wheel system for most two-wheeled vehicles. 

It is also important to ascertain the commercial significance of the invention. Although the invention may provide a measurably large advance in technology, science, or industry, it may not provide an easily producible commercial vehicle or product. Alternatively, the invention may be easily produced as a commercial product, but that product may have limited relevance to the overall commercial strategy or plans of the organization. 

When you write on a blackboard with chalk, you are not unduly inconvenienced if 3 pieces in 10 break while you are using it but if 1 in 2 broke, you might seek an alternative supplier. So the failure probability, Pf, of 0.3 is acceptable (just barely). If the component were a ceramic cutting tool, a failure probability of 1 in 100 (Pf= 10 ) might be acceptable, because a tool is easily replaced. But if it were the window of a vacuum system, the failure of which can cause injury, one might aim for a Pf of lO and for a ceramic protective tile on the re-entry vehicle of a space shuttle, when one failure in any one of 10,000 tiles could be fatal, you might calculate that a Pf of 10 was needed. 

List the alternatives that are possible to replace present automobiles with vehicles, or systems, that will reduce emissions of VOCs, NO, and CO,... 

Harmon, R., Alternative vehicle-propulsion systems. Mech. Eng. 105(4), 67-74. (March 1992). 

Wolf, G. T., and Frosch, R, A., Impact of alternative fuels on vehicle emissions of greenhouse gases, j. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 41(12) 1172-1176 (December 1991). 

In the United States, in particular, recent legislation has mandated sweeping improvements to urban air quality by limiting mobile source emissions and by promoting cleaner fuels. The new laws require commercial and government fleets to purchase a substantial number of vehicles powered by an alternative fuel, such as natural gas, propane, electricity, methanol or ethanol. However, natural gas is usually preferred because of its lower cost and lower emissions compared with the other available alternative gas or liquid fuels. Even when compared with electricity, it has been shown that the full fuel cycle emissions, including those from production, conversion, and transportation of the fuel, are lower for an NGV [2]. Natural gas vehicles offer other advantages as well. Where natural gas is abundantly available as a domestic resource, increased use... 

Several alternative methods have been considered in order to increase the energy density of natural gas and facilitate its use as a road vehicle fuel. It can be dissolved in organic solvents, contained in a molecular cage (clathrate), and it may be adsorbed in a porous medium. The use of solvents has been tested experimentally but there has been little improvement so far over the methane density obtained by simple compression. Clathrates of methane and water, (methane hydrates) have been widely investigated but seem to offer little advantage over ANG [4]. Theoretical comparison of these storage techniques has been made by Dignam [5]. In practical terms, ANG has shown the most promise so far of these three alternatives to CNG and LNG. 

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