VEHICLE MIRROR

The FOV requirements for Class 111, as shown in Fig. 3, require a minimum horizontal angle of about 12° be visible to the driver. Typical vehicle mirrors have a larger horizontal angle plus an aspherical part of an additional 10°-15° and in some vehicles can reach a combined angle of up to 35° in the horizontal direction. Through head movement in combination with the movement of the upper body, a driver is able to expand the mandatory field of view for special driving sitoations such as merging lanes on a freeway. 

There are some inevitable compromises when traditional mirrors, obeying to the laws of physics, are placed onto the adapted layouts of commercial vehicles. Mirrors cannot always be placed where they are easiest to overview. In order to cover sufficient fields of view without getting too big, which would result in unacceptable blind spots, convex mirrors with smaller glass radii are allowed. However, in ffieir turn, they lead to more distorted views, which make it harder for drivers to understand what is being seen. 

Electric motors are eveiywhere. These ubiquitous devices come in a wide variety of sizes and power outputs, ranging from a fraction of a watt to huge multikilowatt applications. Tiny ones operate computer disk drives, power windows/mirrors, and windshield wipers moderate-sized ones run appliances such as fans, blenders, electric shavers, and vacuum cleaners a large drive pumps, elevators, sawmills, and electric trains and vehicles. 

It s quite common when driving at night to be dazzled by the lights of the vehicle behind as they reflect from the driver s new-view or door mirror. We can prevent the dazzle by forming a layer of coloured material over the reflecting surface within an electrochromic mirror. Such mirrors are sometimes called smart mirrors or electronic anti-dazzle mirrors . 

We can now explain how an electrochromic car mirror operates. The mirror is constructed with II in its colourless form, so the mirror functions in a normal way. The driver activates the mirror when the anti-dazzle state of the mirror is required, and the coloured form of methylene blue (MB+) is generated oxidatively according to Equation (7.24). Coloured MB+ blocks out the dazzling reflection at the mirror by absorbing about 70 per cent of the light. After our vehicle has been overtaken and we require the mirror to function normally again, we reduce MB+ back to colourless MB0 via the reverse of Equation (7.24), and return the mirror to its colourless state. These two situations are depicted in Figure 7.6. 

Large frontal areas create air turbulence and drag. Bodies derived from wind tunnel testing can provide a more smooth air flow around the vehicle. Details such as mirrors, rain gutters, trim, wheel wells and covers can also be more appropriate for air flow. Radial tires can reduce fuel consumption as much as 3%. Puncture-proof tires of plastic could save even more and eliminate the cost and weight of a spare tire and wheel. 

The materials that change colour on passing a charge are called electrochromes, and these can be classified into three groups. In the first type the colouring species remain in solution in the second type the reactants are in solution but the coloured product is a solid the third type are those where all the materials are solids, e.g. in films. The first type is used in car, anti-dazzle, rear-view mirrors, the second type in larger mirrors for commercial vehicles and the third type in smart windows (see section 1.5.4.2). 

Ranky, P. G. (2003-2005), An introduction to alternative energy sources Hybrid fuel cell vehicles an interactive multimedia eBook publication with 3D objects, text, and videos in a browser-readable format on CD-ROM/intranet, available http //www. cimwareukandusa.com, CIMware USA, Inc., and CIMware Ltd. United Kingdom, Multimedia design and programming by P. G. Ranky and M. F. Ranky, (2003-2005), Customer needs, wants requirements analysis Automotive exterior rearview mirror, an interactive multimedia eBook publication with 3D objects, text, and videos in a browser-readable format on CD-ROM/intranet, available http //www.cimwareukandusa.com, CIMware USA, Inc., and CIMware Ltd., United Kingdom. 

The detection limit for TLV has been improved substantially by using differential pulse and square-wave voltammetry (Chap. 5). For example, detection limits in the 10 8 M range and below have been demonstrated in thin-layer cells requiring less than 100 /xL of sample [61,62]. One practical application of twin-electrode thin-layer cells is in the automatic electrochromic rearview mirror for automobiles. A cell with optically transparent electrodes is placed in front of a mirrored surface. At night, electrolysis in the cell to generate colored material can rapidly reduce glare from following vehicles. 

An interesting property of superconductors is their ability to create a mirror image of a magnetic field within themselves. As a result, they are repelled by magnetic fields and can even be levitated above them (see Fig. 1.53). This property has led to research on the possibility of levitating railroad trains and other vehicles fitted with superconductors over magnetic tracks (see Fig. 3.43). 

The empathic bond is the vehicle upon which the group process proceeds so rapidly. As defenses fall, the intensification of each individual s functions lends a critical and acute poignancy to any element of rejection, for the rejected aspect of the self is mirrored with tremendous insistence and clarity. Where it is projected, the individual finds the other group members frightening or revolting. In either case, he will become anxious, withdrawn, and probably paranoid, until the rejection is overcome. 

The sandwich process extends the scope of injection moulding and (as an instance of this) makes it possible to provide fibre-filled mouldings with surface finish of very high gloss. It is applied to produce reflectors for headlights in motor vehicles—where the substrate is heavily filled and resistant to distortion by heat yet the surface is mirror-like. 

The electroplating of reflective surfaces for exterior mirrors is an important and growing application. Moulding is to a high standard of precision and the electroplated surface creates a mirror with excellent reflection. It will resist impact much better than glass so a longer life in service can be expected— hence, such mirrors are fitted extensively on commercial vehicles, buses, and lorries. ABS is moulded and electroplated also into small mirrors that can be fixed by adhesive on vehicle wing mirrors to cover blind spots . 

Automobile Parts Manufacturer Vehicle Assembly Services Seating Interior Products Closure Systems Body Chassis Systems Mirror, Lighting Glass Systems Exterior Decorative Systems Drivetrain Components... 

Use Aluminum alloys for structural parts, die-cast auto parts, missiles, space vehicles powder for pyrotechnics and flash photography, production of iron, nickel, zinc, titanium, zirconium antiknock gasoline additives magnesium compounds and Gri-gnard syntheses cathodic protection reducing agent desulfurizing iron in steel manufacture precision instruments optical mirrors dry and wet batteries. 

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