Vascular anomaly

Evaluate the entire embryo for vascular integrity and any vascular anomalies. These are noted but not scored. 

A major type of headache that must be considered in differential diagnosis is that caused by underlying disease intracranial disturbances (e.g., vascular anomalies, infections, tumors, trauma) diseases involving the head and neck but not the brain (e.g., cervical osteoarthritis disorders of eye, ear, nose, sinuses, and throat cranial neuralgias) and systemic diseases (e.g., sudden and severe hypertension, hyperthyroidism). These headaches usually can be relieved by specific therapy for the underlying disorder (e.g., surgical correction of tumors, antibiotics for infections, antiarthritic drugs for osteoarthritis). 

Thron A, Koenig E, Pfeiffer P, Rossberg C (1987) Dural vascular anomalies of the spine - an important cause of progressive radiculomyelopathy. In Cervos Navarro J, Ferszt R Stroke and microcirculation. Raven Press, New York 159-165 Thron A, Mull M, Reith W (2001) Spinale Gefabmalforma-tionen. Der Radiologe 41 949-954... 

Caudal regression syndrome is a rare anomaly, a continuum of congenital malformations ranging from isolated sacral agenesis to absence of the lumbosacral spine and major visceral anomalies. While the exact canse of this syndrome is unclear, maternal diabetes, genetic factors, teratogens, and vascular anomalies that alter blood flow have been hypothesized to play a role. A case has been attributed to maternal minoxidil exposure (15). 

Woods RK, Sharp RJ, Holcomb GW 3rd et al (2001) Vascular anomalies and tracheoesophageal compression a single institution s 25-year experience. Ann Thorac Surg 72 438-439... 

Technical features of MDCT allow for correct diagnosis of any thoracic venous pathology. Potential pitfalls are caused by limited knowledge of venous physiology and vascular anomalies and variants, focusing on arteries and pnilmonary parenchyma, as well as lack of preliminary assessment of the precontrast scans. In our opinion, the most significant cause is insufficient awareness and interest in this type of pathology. 

Ho V.B., Bakalov V.K, Cooley M., Van P.L., Hood M.N., Burklow T.R., Bondy C.A. (2004) Major vascular anomalies in Turner syndrome prevalence and magnetic resonance angiographic features. Circulation 110 1694-1700. 

In the setting of cadaveric liver transplantation it is more important to identify vascular anomalies of the celiac axis than hepatic artery variations. Indeed, celiac axis anomalies, such as atheromatous celiac-trunk stenosis or diaphragmatic arcuate ligament, could necessitate celiac axis revasculariza-... 

Watanabe M, Tanaka R, Takeda N, Ikuta F, Oyanagi K (1990) Focal pachygyria with unusual vascular anomaly. Neuroradiology 32 237-240... 

AVMs typically present as solitary lesion. Multiple brain AVMs occur in approximately 0.3%-3.2% of all cases. Surprisingly enough, Willinsky et al. (1990) reported 11 cases of multiple AVMs among 203 patients (6%). Although multiple AVMs may occur spontaneously, they are frequently associated with cutaneous or extracranial vascular anomalies (Salcman et al. 1992), such as Rendu-Osler-Weber disease and Wyburn-Mason syndrome. However, the clinical mode of presentation, age and sex of the patient, and anatomic distribution of the lesions are the same as those in patients with single arteriovenous malformations. 

Al-MeftyO, Jinkins JR, Fox JL (1986) Extensive dural arteriovenous malformation. Case report. J Neurosurg 65 417-420 Alberico RA, Barnes P, Robertson RL et al (1999) Helical CT angiography dynamic cerebrovascular imaging in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20 328-334 Aminoff MJ (1973) Vascular anomalies in the intracranial dura mater. Brain 96 601-612... 

Hieshima GB, Cahan LD, Berlin MS et al (1977) Calvarial, orbital and dural vascular anomalies in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Surg Neurol 8 263-267 Hirabuki N, Miura T, Mitomo M et al (1988) MR imaging of dural arteriovenous malformations with ocular signs. Neuroradiology 30 390-394... 

The organized collagen shown throughout the entire volume of the SMP scaffold and the neointimal layer across the aneurysm neck both support the notion that vascular anomalies treated with this material are highly unlikely to require retreatment as a result of recanalization. 

Capillary malformations (CMs), because of their appearance, have traditionally been referred to as port wine stains and incorrectly as capillary hemangiomas. They represent maldevelopment of capillaries and present as well demarcated skin discoloration. CMs initially have a pink or red color and become more purple as children age. CMs frequently occur with other vascular anomalies. In Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, they occur on the trunk or lower extremity and are associated with limb hypertrophy and widespread venolymphatic malformations. In Sturge-Weber syndrome, the CM is typically in the VI (first division of the trigeminal nerve) distribution on the face and is associated with underlying ophthalmologic and leptomeningeal VMs and CMs. 

S.Mulliken, JB, Fishman SJ, Burrows PE (2000) Vascular anomalies. Curr Probl Surg 37 517-584... 

Burrows PE (coordinator) Vascular anomalies interventions and patient management. Presented at the 2004 SIR 29th annual scientific meeting... 

Mason KP, Neufeld EJ, Karian VE et al. (2001) Coagulation abnormalities in pediatric and adult patients after sclerotherapy or embolization of vascular anomalies. Radiology 217 1359-1363... 

Vascular anomalies are divided into vascular tumours and vascular malformations. Vascular malformation classification is based on the anomalous channels arterial, venous, lymphatic, or capillary. The most frequent vascular anomalies are venous malformations. The incidence is estimated to be around 1 in 10,000 [1]. The reader must be made aware of the numerous confusing misnomers such as glomangioma, cavernous haemangioma, and haemangioma that have also been used in prior literature. 

Paltiel HJ, Burrows PE, Kozakewich HP et al. (2000) Soft-tissue vascular anomalies utility of US for diagnosis. Radiology 214 747-754... 

The indications of embolotherapy in vascular anomalies are (1) hemangiomas refractory to medical treatment, (2) hemangioendotheliomas with Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon, (3) liver hemangioma with cardiac failure, and (4) arteriovenous malformations. 

The differential diagnoses of epistaxis in children includes trauma, foreign-body impaction, bleeding diathesis, vascular disorder, vascular anomalies... 

Gastrointestinal vascular anomalies are often associated with known syndromes such as Klippel-Trenaunay, Rendu-Osier-Weber, blue rubber bleb nevus, and Proteus syndromes. 

In our experience, venous malformations are the more common vascular anomaly encountered in cases of bleeding (Fig. 23.12a,b). 

Burrows PE, Dubois J, Kassarjian A (2001) Pediatric hepatic vascular anomalies. Pediatr Radiol 31 533-545... 

Mason KP, Michna E, Zurakowski D, et al. (2000) Serum ethanol levels in children and adults after ethanol emholization or sclerotherapy for vascular anomalies. Radiology 217 127-132... 

Fremond B.Yazbeck S, Dubois J, et al. (1997) Intestinal vascular anomalies in children. J Pediatr Surg 32 873-877... 

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