Dural arteriovenous

Thus, acute, subacute, or chronic impairment of spinal blood supply can result from a deficient arterial supply and from venous circulatory problems (Mull and Thron 2004). Spinal vascular malformations like spinal dural arteriovenous (AV) fistulas and AV malformations (AVM) of the perimedullary fistula type are the typical disorders associated with venous congestion of the spinal cord. On the other hand, AVM of the glomerular type are seldom combined with a venous outflow disorder. 

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVF) are the most frequent (acquired) AVM of the spinal canal and its meninges. In 1977 Kendall and Logue were the first to recognize that this disease, which had formerly been described as so-called retromedullary angiomas, in fact is an AV fistula situated within the dura mater. This was confirmed by Merland et al. in 1980 who pointed out the angiographic characteristics of the disease in detail (Fig. 17.6). 

Bammer R, Fazekas F, Augustin M, Simbrunner J, Strasser-Fuchs S, Seifert T, Stollberger R, and Hartung HP (2000) Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the spinal cord. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21 (3) 587-591 Behrens S, Thron A (1999) Long-term follow-up and outcome in patients treated for spinal dural arteriovenous fistula. J Neurol 246 181-185... 

Haddad MC, Aabed al-Thagafi MY, Djurberg H (1996) MRI of spinal cord and vertebral body infarction in the anterior spinal artery syndrome. Neuroradiology 38 161-162 HasslerW, Thron A, Grote EH (1989) Hemodynamics of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. An intraoperative study. JNeu-rosurg 70 360-370... 

Huffmann BC, Gilsbach JM, Thron A (1995) Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas a plea for neurosurgical treatment. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 135 44-51... 

Larsen DW, Halbach VV, Teitelbaum GP, McDougaU CG, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Hieshima GB (1995) Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas supplied by branches of the internal iliac arteries. Surg Neurol 43 35-40 discussion 40-1 Lasjaun ias P, Berenstein A, ter Brugge KG (2001) Surgical Neu-... 

Rosenblum B, Oldfield EH, Doppman JL, Di Chiro G (1987) Spinal arteriovenous malformations a comparison of dural arteriovenous fistulas and intradural AVM s in 81 patients. J Neurosurg 67 795-802 Rosenkranz M, Grzyska U, Niesen W, Fuchs K, Schummer W, Weiller C, Rother J (2004) Anterior spinal artery syndrome following periradicular cervical nerve root therapy. J Neurol 251 229-231... 

Song JK, Vinuela F, Gobin YP, Duckwiler GR, Murayama Y, Kureshi I, Frazee JG, Martin NA (2001) Surgical and endovascular treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas long-term disability assessment and prognostic factors. J Neurosurg 94 199-204... 

Fig. 7.5. Arteriovenous malformation, A T2-weighted MRI (a) and cerebral angiogram (b) showing a dural arteriovenous malformation (arrows) at the right cerebellopontine angle, causing tinnitus.

Atypical antipsychotic drugs Chronic subdural hematoma (Ch. 7) Vertebral/carotid artery dissection (Ch. 6) Fat embolism (Ch. 6) nternal carotid artery stenosis (distal) Dural arteriovenous fistula (Ch. 7)... 

Results of combined stereotactic, radiosurgery and transarterial embolization for dural arteriovenous fistulas of the transverse and sigmoid sinuses. Journal of Neurosurgery 94 886-891... 

Local sepsis (sinuses, ears, mastoids, scalp, nasopharynx) Subdural empyema Bacterial meningitis Dural arteriovenous fistula... 

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler disease) is not associated with cerebral capillary telangiectasia, but with other forms of cerebral vascular malformations (Maher et al. 2001), mainly true pial arteriovenous malformations, dural arteriovenous malformations, and, rarely, cavernomas. 

The presence of a stenosis on the venous drainage of a brain AVM is associated with an increased risk of bleeding (Miyasaka et al. 1992 Nataf et al. 1997), probably due to proximal venous hypertension. This factor was also identified in the large series of patients analyzed by Mansmann et al. (2000), but venous stenosis was not statistically associated with intracranial hemorrhage for cortical AVMs. Venous dilatation was correlated to an increased risk of hemorrhagic presentation in dural arteriovenous fistulas (CoGNARD et al. 1995). 

Dural arteriovenous malformations (DAVM) are abnormal shunts between the arterial and the venous side of the vascular tree that are located within the dura, most frequently within the wall of or immediately around the venous sinuses. 

Table4.1. Venous drainage pathways of intracranial dural arteriovenous malformations in different locations...

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