Varnishes spectrometry

G.A. van der Doelen, K.J. van den Berg, J.J. Boon, N. Shibayama, E.R. de la Rie, W.J.L. Genuit, Analysis of fresh triterpenoid resins and aged triterpenoid varnishes by high performance liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (tandem) mass spectrometry, Journal of Chromatography A, 809, 21 37 (1998). 

D. Scalarone, M.C. Duursma, J.J. Boon, and O. Chiantore, MALDI TOF Mass Spectrometry on Cellulosic surfaces of Fresh and Photo aged Di and Triterpenoid Varnish Resins, J. Mass Spectrom., 40, 1527 1535 (2005). 

P. Dietemann, M. Kahn, S. Zumbuhl, R. Knochenmuss, S. Wiilfert, and R. Zenobi, A Mass Spectrometry and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study of Photochemical and Thermal Aging of Triterpenoid Varnishes, Anal. Chem., 73, 2087 2096 (2001). 

F. Caruso, S. Orecchio, M.G. Cicero, C. Di Stefano, Gas chromatography mass spectrometry characterization of the varnish and glue of an ancient 18th century double bass, J. Chromatogr., A, 1147, 206 212 (2007). 

In addition to GC/MS, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC/MS) has been used to analyse natural resins in ancient samples, particularly for paint varnishes containing mastic and dammar resins [34]. A partial limitation of chromatographic techniques is that they do not permit the analysis of the polymeric fraction or insoluble fraction that may be present in the native resins or formed in the course of ageing. Techniques based on the direct introduction of the sample in the mass spectrometer such as direct temperature resolved mass spectrometry (DTMS), direct exposure mass spectrometry (DE-MS) and direct inlet mass spectrometry (DI-MS), and on analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS), have been employed as complementary techniques to obtain preliminary information on the... 

Other MS based analytical approaches have occasionally been applied to ancient resin samples, in particular for paint varnishes. Such techniques include FABS (fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry) [35], MALDI (matrix assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry) and GALDI (graphite assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry) [36 38]. 

L. Osete Cortina and M.T. Domenech Carbo, Analytical characterization of diterpenoid resins present in pictorial varnishes using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry with on line trimethylsilylation, J. Chromatogr., A, 1065, 265 278 (2005). 

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) (also called electron spin resonance spectroscopy, ESR) has been scarcely applied in the field of art and art conservation. Some work can be found in which EPR is used as complementary technique to SEM-EDX, NMR, and mass spectrometry (MS) for studying free radicals occurring in polymerization, pyrolytic, oxidative, and other radical degradative processes in artwork, as well as in the characterization of varnishes and oleoresinous media [42]. 

Reverse-phase columns with a gradient elution in combination with UV-Vis spectrophotometers using photodiode-array (PDA) (Fig. 1.6) and spectrofiuorimeters are common devices employed in this technique. In a lesser extent, MS, tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS), and nano liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-nanoESI-Q-qTOF-MS-MS) has been used as detection system. This instrumentation has been mainly used in the analysis of dyes and proteinaceous media, and in some extent, in the analysis of drying oils and terpenoid varnishes [47,48],... 

Dietemann P, Kahn M, Zumbiihl S, Knochenmuss R, Wiilfert S, Zenobi R (2001) A mass spectrometry and electron paramagnetic resonance study of photochemical and thermal aging of triterpenoid varnishes. Anal Chem 73 2087-2096. 

Peris-Vicente J, Garrido-Medina R, Sim6-Alfonso E, Gimeno-Adelantado JV, Domenech-Carbo MT (2007) Infusion mass spectrometry as a fingerprint to characterize varnishes in oil pictorial artworks. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 21 851-856. 

Scalarone D, Duursma MC, Boon JJ, Chiantore O (2005) MALDI-TOE mass spectrometry on ceUulosic surfaces of fresh and photo-aged di- and triterpenoid varnish resins. J Mass Spectrom 40 1527-1535. 

See also Coal and Coke. Forensic Sciences Paints, Varnishes, and Lacquers. Gas Chromatography Multidimensional Techniques Instrumentation Detectors Mass Spectrometry. Geochemistry Inorganic Soil, Major Inorganic Components Soil, Minor Inorganic Components Soil, Organic Components. Laser-Based Techniques. Poiy-mers Synthetic. Quaiity Assurance Internal Standards. 

See also Forensic Sciences Alcohol In Body Fluids Explosives Fibers Gunshot Residues Hair Paints, Varnishes, and Lacquers Systematic Drug Identification Thin-Layer Chromatography. Fuels Oil-Based. Gas Chromatography Pyrolysis Detectors Mass Spectrometry. Polymers Natural Rubber Synthetic Polyurethanes. 

See also Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Flame Electrothermal. Atomic Emission Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma. Color Measurement. Forensic Sciences Paints, Varnishes, and Lacquers. Gas Chromatography Pyrolysis. Infrared Spectroscopy Industrial Applications. Liquid Chromatography Size-Exclusion. Paints Water-Based. Spectrophotometry Organic Compounds. X-Ray Absorption and Diffraction X-Ray Diffraction - Powder. X-Ray Fluorescence and Emission Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence. 

Domenech-Carbo, M. T., Bitossi, G., Osete-Cortina, L., Yusa-Marco, D. J. (2009). Study of ageing of ketone resins used as picture varnishes by pyrolysis-silylation-gas chromatogra[4iy-mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, S5( 1), 470-479. 

Scalarone, D., Duursma, M. C., Boon, J. J., Chiantore, O. (2005). MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry on cellulosic surfaces of fresh and photo-aged di- and triteipenoid varnish resins. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 40(12), 1527-1535. 

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