Various Types of Corrosion

Certain types of corrosion are selective. Thus, corrosion cracking is observed primarily in the case of alloys and only when these are in contact with particular media. Corrosion is often enhanced by various extraneous effects. Stress corrosion cracking can occur under appreciable mechanical loads or internal stresses corrosion fatigue develops under prolonged cyclic mechanical loads (i.e., loads alternating in sign). 

FIGURE 22.1 Aspects of metallic corrosion (a) uniform general (b) nonuniform general (c) localized (spots) (d) large pits (e) small pits (/) intercrystalline (g) subsurface. 

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For service environments in which erosion is anticipated, the wall thickness of the apparatus should be increased. This thickness allowance should secure that various types of corrosion or erosion do not reduce the apparatus wall thickness below that required for mechanical stability of the operation. Where thickness allowance cannot be provided, a proportionally more resistant material should be selected. 

The following criteria are usually applied when analyzing these power spectra the magnitude of power, the frequency at which the power begins to fall off, and the slope of the descending part of the plot. From such an analysis one can sufficiently well identify the various types of corrosive attack (uniform, crevice, pitting). 

Beyond the simple polyvalent dilution of a water wash, the wash (Fig. 3.83) of various types of corrosives by Diphoterine an amphoteric agent shows the need and proht of the use of an active answer. 

Corrosion is a major factor in the selection of material for a reactor plant. The material selected must resist the various types of corrosion discussed in the Chemistry Fundamentals Handbook. 

Several factors lead to various types of corrosion in motor vehicles, specifically the design process, the manufacturing process, and operating conditions. 

Although it has been found to be convenient to present this work in the form of two volumes entitled Metal/Environment Reactions and Corrosion Control, it is evident that this separation is largely artificial, and that a knowledge of the various types of corrosion behaviour of different metals under different environmental conditions is just as important for corrosion control as the protective treatments that have been collated in this volume. 

The pamphlet also gives detailed instructions for inspection, cleaning, drying, repair, and disposal of containers. It contains illustrations of the various types of corrosion and gives criteria for rejection and condemnation of cylinders. A rejected cylinder can be repaired or rebuilt and, after certification, used again in chlorine service. A condemned cylinder must be physically destroyed and disposed of. 

The various types of corrosion that occur in metals were covered in Section IV of this manual. Testing for Corrosion Types. Additional information also can be foimd in Refe 2, 3, and 14-16. This paragraph covers considerations more or less unique to aluminum. A brief summary of analytical methods used with aluminum is given in Table 1, listing the forms of corrosion in the order most prevalent in aluminum alloys. 

The purpose of this section is to introduce standard test methods, practices and guides for evaluation of the various type of corrosion that occur in aluminum. Refer also to Section IV for additional information. 

Figure 1 is a schematic flow sheet indicating various types of corrosive conditions that may occur at various locations in typical chemical processes. The type of corrosion exjjected at a process location must be modeled if it is likely to be an issue in successful operation of the plant. 

Figures 10-3 through 10-7 provide examples of the various types of corrosion and apply to compressed gas cylinders made of steel. For other than high or low pressure steel cylinders, see CGA C-6.1, CGA C-6.2, CGA C-6.3, CGA C-8, and CGA C-13 [11, 12, 13, 14, 15].

In order to prevent these various types of corrosion, the following should... 

Figures 9-3 through 9-7 show examples of the various types of corrosion.

There are many stainless steel compositions, all of which have their own set of physical, mechanical, and corrosion resistance properties. In this chapter, we discuss the various types of corrosion to which stainless steels may be susceptible, keeping in mind that all compositions are not affected to the same degree, if at all. Specific corrosion problems and resistance of specific compositions will be discussed in succeeding chapters. 

In fact, in nature there is no such a thing as a pure culture of this or that bacteria [4], and it is quite possible to have a rather complex picture of all possible microbial reactions that may happen simultaneously or in sequence. Figure 4.13a shows a typical biomass formed on a steel pile being exposed to seawater conditions. Such a mass can easily harbour various types of corrosion-related bacteria. Figure 4.13b is a schematic presentation of possible bacterial types and their interactions within a typical biofilm. 

Similar to the different possibilities for corrosion attack of unalloyed and low-alloyed steels, aluminum is also exposed to various types of corrosion. The mold maker and users should therefore pay greater attention to the following types of attacks ... 

In the following section, the results of several studies which have demonstrated tiie effectiveness of R salts as inhibitors of various types of corrosion are reviewed and the mechanisms of inhibition discussed. 

The familiarity of environment and the type of corrosion is very important for design engineers. The engineer should recognize the potential hazards of corrosion and should be familiar with the methods used to mitigate various types of corrosion attacks. This chapter, therefore, will be devoted mostly to the study of localized corrosion. The scope of localized corrosion is very extensive and the literature is abundant on the theoretical aspect of localized corrosion. The main object of this chapter is to familiarize engineers with the type of localized corrosion so that they may identify the various forms of corrosion and suggest remedial measures. Contradictory mechanisms will, therefore, be left to a minimum. Each form... 

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