Vanadium intake

The vanadium intake of women and men was systematically investigated by the duplicate portion technique in Germany and Mexico. Nineteen test populations aged 20 to 69 years collected duplicates of all consumed foodstuffs, sweets and beverages on seven consecutive days (Table 27.4). 

Tab. 27.4 Vanadium intake ( ig per day) of adult Germans and Mexicans with mixed and ovo-lacto-vege-tarian diets, depending on time and sex...

Estimates of vanadium intake by Americans (based on a food intake of 500 g dry weight) were 10-60 pg per day (Harland and Harden-Williams 1994), though this has been considered excessive. European women and men consume 300 and 380 g DM per day (mixed diet), respectively. In general, calculations of trace element intake using the market basket technique provide overestimations (Anke et al. 1998d). Worldwide, the daily intake of vanadium by adults was estimated to vary between 10 and 35 pg (Nielsen 1995). 

Fecal excretion of the nutritional vanadium intake amounts to 96% in both sexes, and to 79% in lactating tvomen (Tables 27.5 and 27.6). Most of the ingested vanadium is not absorbed, and the form of the diet (mixed or ovo-lacto-vegetarian) has no effect on the fecal excretion rate (see Table 27.5). On average, adults of both sexes and with either form of diet eliminate 4% of the nutritional vanadium intake renally (range 2-6%). 

A daily dietary vanadium intake of 10 pg or less would most likely meet any postulated normal requirement (Anke et al. 1989, 1998d, Nielsen 1997, 1998). Individual... 

Vanadium belongs to the group of ubiquitous elements and thus, it is not surprising that it can be found in all the components of foodstuffs. The following concentrations were determined in potatoes 1 /xg to 1.5 mg kg cow milk 0.2 to 10 fig kg, and in cattle meat approximately 1 fig kg fresh weight. In spite of this rather low content, food is the main source of this element for man. On the basis of different analyses the daily vanadium intake is assumed to be in the range of several tens of fig to 2 mg. 

Vanadium is ubiquitous, so it is not surprising that it is contained in the foods that humans consume. Older data are reported in the mg-range (Schroeder et al.. 1963) recent data show that it is likely that vanadium concentrations in common food do not exceed a few fig/kg (NAS, 1974). Data on meat are of the order of 1 fig/kg (Byrne and Kosta, 1978). Nevertheless, food is the main source of vanadium intake for man. The daily human intake of vanadium from food is in the order of few tens of micrograms (Byrne and Kosta, 1978). In other studies daily intakes of 8.2- 13.2/[Pg.528]

Vanadium. Vanadium is essential in rats and chicks (85,156). Estimated human intake is less than 4 mg/d. In animals, deficiency results in impaired growth, reproduction, and Hpid metaboHsm (157), and altered thyroid peroxidase activities (112). The levels of coen2yme A and coen2yme Q q in rats are reduced and monoamine oxidase activity is increased when rats are given excess vanadium (157). Vanadium may play a role in the regulation of (NaK)—ATPase, phosphoryl transferases, adenylate cyclase, and protein kinases (112). 

Institute of Medicine, Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, National Academies Press, Washington, 2001. 

Myron DR, Zimmerman TJ, Shuler TR, et al. 1978. Intake of nickel and vanadium by humans. A survey of selected diets. Am J Clin Nutr 31 527-531. 

Evans WH, Read Jl, Caughlin D. 1985. Quantifications of results for estimating elemental dietary intakes of lithium, rubidium, strontium, molybdenum, vanadium and silver. Analyst 110 873-877. 

Vanadium compounds have also been shown to be effective in animal models of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Oral administration of vanadium compounds lowered blood glucose levels to near normal in the ob/ob and db/db mouse and fa/fa rat [149-151], These rodent models are homozygous for the indicated gene and are characterized by obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia [12]. The ob allele is the gene for leptin, whereas db and fa are the genes for the leptin receptor in the mouse and rat, respectively. Leptin is one of the cytokine hormones that are produced in fat cells and act on receptors in the central nervous system. Its effects involve inhibition of food intake and promotion of energy expenditure [99],... 

Teissedre, P.L., Cros, G., Krosniak, M., Portet, K., Serrano, J.J., and Cabanis, J.C. (1996b) Contribution of wine in vanadium dietary intake geographical origin has a signicant impact on wine vanadium levels. In Ph. Collery, J. Corbella, J.L. Domingo, J.C. Etienne, and J.M. Llobet (Eds.), Metal Ions in Biology and Medicine , vol. 4, John Libbey Eurotext, Paris, p. 183. 

For some trace elements, continued suboptimal dietary intake— in the presence of physiological, nutritional, or other metabolic stress— may eventually have a detrimental effect. Then additional dietary supplementation may have a health restorative effect. Such effects are most clearly demonstrated in experimental animals. Examples include the effects of boron in the presence of vitamin D depletion, or the need for increased vanadium when there is either an experimentally induced deficient or excess supply of dietary iodine. ... 

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