Vanadium daily intake

The general population may also be exposed to airborne vanadium through inhalation, particularly in areas where use of residual fuel oils for energy production is high (Zoller et al. 1973). Assuming air concentrations of approximately 50 ng/m, Byrne and Kosta (1978) estimated a daily intake of 1 pg vanadium by the inhalation route. 

Beer and wine have proved to be the main supply of vanadium to men and women in Europe, and account for 75% and 41% of the daily intake, respectively. Thus, vegetable food supplies 17% and 43%, while food of animal origin supplies 8% and 16% of the V intake for men and women, respectively (Anke etal. 1998c). 

Estimates of vanadium intake by Americans (based on a food intake of 500 g dry weight) were 10-60 pg per day (Harland and Harden-Williams 1994), though this has been considered excessive. European women and men consume 300 and 380 g DM per day (mixed diet), respectively. In general, calculations of trace element intake using the market basket technique provide overestimations (Anke et al. 1998d). Worldwide, the daily intake of vanadium by adults was estimated to vary between 10 and 35 pg (Nielsen 1995). 

Vanadium is ubiquitous, so it is not surprising that it is contained in the foods that humans consume. Older data are reported in the mg-range (Schroeder et al.. 1963) recent data show that it is likely that vanadium concentrations in common food do not exceed a few fig/kg (NAS, 1974). Data on meat are of the order of 1 fig/kg (Byrne and Kosta, 1978). Nevertheless, food is the main source of vanadium intake for man. The daily human intake of vanadium from food is in the order of few tens of micrograms (Byrne and Kosta, 1978). In other studies daily intakes of 8.2- 13.2/[Pg.528]

The vanadium requirements of humans have not been established because the evidence for requirements and essentiality is weak. However, if requirements do exist they are very low and easily met by the levels naturally occurring in food, water and air [21]. The daily intake of vanadium may vary widely but has been established to be 2 mg in a well-balanced diet for a 75-kg person [22]. One study found that nine institutional diets supplied 12.4-30.1 p.g of vanadium daily, with intakes averaging 20 p.g [23]. Sources of vanadium are bread, some grains and nuts, vegetable oils, fish, meat, and a few vegetables. The amounts vary from less than 0.1 ng/g in peas, beets, and carrots to 52 ng/g in radishes. Liver, fish, and meat contain up to 10 ng/g [23]. 

Recommended dietary allowances for a male adult (daily intake, in foods and food supplements) of some nutrients, usually the amounts estimated as needed to prevent overt manifestation of deficiency disease in most persons. For the substances listed in smaller amounts the optimum intake, leading to the best of health, may be somewhat greater. Not shown, but probably or possibly required, are the essential fatty acids, />aminobenzoic acid, choline, vitamin D, vitamin K, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, vanadium, tin, and silicon. 

The recommended daily intake of vanadium has not been determined. The actual food intake of vanadium is estimated at 10-30 p,g. 

Copper is recognized as an essential metalloelement like sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, chromium, vanadium and manganese [1]. Like essential amino acids, essential fatty acids and essential cofactors (vitamins), essential metalloelements are required for normal metabolic processes but cannot be synthesized de novo and daily dietary intake and absorption are required. The adult body contains between 1.4 mg (22 pmol) and... 

Vanadium deficiency has not been investigated in humans. Most diets supply > 10 pg V per day, which suggests that a daily dietary intake of < 10 pg probably meets any postulated vanadium requirement. 

A daily dietary vanadium intake of 10 pg or less would most likely meet any postulated normal requirement (Anke et al. 1989, 1998d, Nielsen 1997, 1998). Individual... 

Vanadium belongs to the group of ubiquitous elements and thus, it is not surprising that it can be found in all the components of foodstuffs. The following concentrations were determined in potatoes 1 /xg to 1.5 mg kg cow milk 0.2 to 10 fig kg, and in cattle meat approximately 1 fig kg fresh weight. In spite of this rather low content, food is the main source of this element for man. On the basis of different analyses the daily vanadium intake is assumed to be in the range of several tens of fig to 2 mg. 

Sources Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Huoride (1997) Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin 85, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998) EHetary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000) Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001) Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005) and EHetary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu A Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to a lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and carotenoids. In the absence of a UL, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes. Members of the general population should be advised not to routinely exceed the UL. The UL is not meant to ply to individuals who are treated with the nutrient under medical supervision or to individuals with predisposing conditions that modify their sensitivity to the nutrient... 

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