Valve regulated lead-batteries

Some battery designs have a one-way valve for pressure rehef and operate on an oxygen cycle. In these systems the oxygen gas formed at the positive electrode is transported to the negative electrode where it reacts to reform water. Hydrogen evolution at the negative electrode is normally suppressed by this reaction. The extent to which this process occurs in these valve regulated lead —acid batteries is called the recombination-efficiency. These processes are reviewed in the Hterature (50—52). 

Without any doubt the microporous polyethylene pocket will meet all requirements of modern starter batteries for the foreseeable future. Whether and to what extent other constructions, such as valve-regulated lead-acid batteries, other battery systems, or even supercapacitors, will find acceptance, depends — besides the technical aspects — on the emphasis which is placed on the ecological or economical factors. 

Separators for Valve Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries... 

Table 13. Separators for valve-regulated lead -acid batteries (liquid electrolyte)...

Nakamura K, Shiomi M, Takahashi K, Tsubota M. Failure modes of valve-regulated lead/acid batteries. J Power Sources 1996 59 153-157. 

Hojo E, Yamashita J, Kishimoto K, Nakashima H, Kasai Y. Improved valve-regulated lead-acid batteries with carbon whisker. YUASA-JIHO. Tech Rev 1992 72 23-28. 

Refs. [i] Linden D (1994) Handbook of batteries, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, Appendix A [ii] RandDAJ, Moseley PT, Garche l Parker CD (2004) Valve regulated lead-acid batteries. Elsevier, New York, p 128-150, 229-240... 

Refs. [i] Crompton TR (2000) Battery reference book, 3rd edn. Newnes, Oxford, pp 32/3-32/7, 51/43, 62/3-62/4 [ii] Wagner R (2004) Valve regulated lead-acid batteries for telecommunications and UPS applications. In Rand DAJ, Moseley PT, Garche /, Parker CD (eds) Valve-regulated lead-acid batteries. Elsevier, Amsterdam [iii] Broussely M (2003) Lithium-ion for EV, HEV and other industrial applications. In Nazri GA, Pistoia G (eds) Lithium batteries science and technology. Kluwer, Amsterdam, pp 671-675... 

Different types of lead-acid batteries have been developed as energy sources for many power applications, like traction and backup or standby power systems. The flooded lead-acid batteries have an excess or flooded electrolyte and they were the largest used at the beginning of the last century for many applications. Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries were developed as an alternative to the flooded lead-acid batteries, in order to maintain levels of distilled water and prevent drying of cells, which means safe operation for battery packs in electric... 

Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries D.AJ. Rand et al, editors... 

LEAD ALLOYS FOR VALVE-REGULATED LEAD-ACID BATTERIES... 

Silver additions to lead-calcium-tin alloys. Silver has been added to lead-calcium-tin alloys to increase the resistance to creep and corrosion, and to prevent growth of the positive grids at elevated temperatures. Valve-regulated lead-acid batteries often operate at elevated temperatures and/or produce high internal... 

J.M. Rosalie, D.G. Vella, ALABC Project CjN 1.1, Advancement of valve-regulated lead-acid battery technology for hybrid-electric and electric vehicles. Semi-annual Report 1 July to 31 December 2001, Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 2001. 

THE FUNCTION OF THE SEPARATOR IN THE VALVE-REGULATED LEAD-ACID BATTERY... 

It remains to be seen which of the many separator materials will be successful in commercial applications. Obviously, this will depend on costs and market requirements, as well as on performance. Although most of the developments reviewed here have been directed towards EV batteries, many of the findings are equally applicable to valve-regulated lead-acid batteries intended for use in other applications. 

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