Foams vaginal

Bernstein, G. S. (1974), Conventional methods of contraception Condom, diaphragm, and vaginal foam, Clin. Obstet. Gynecol., 17,21-33. 

Vaginal foams Medicated vaginal tampons From the rectal dosage forms the suppositories, enemas, ointments and creams are important as extemporaneous pharmacy preparations from the vaginal dosage forms fliese are the vaginal suppositories (pessaries), solutions, creams and gels. 

Aerosols. Pressurized containers to deHver aerosolized dmg products through appropriate systems of valves and actuators have been available since the 1950s (see Aerosols). Such dosage forms are used as external appHcations of lotions and creams, for oral inhalation, or for treatment of the vaginal cavity, eg, contraceptive foams. Aerosols contain two- or three-phase systems, wherein a volatile Hquid or admixture of Hquids is sealed in a... 

In the last several decades, physical properties of vaginal contraceptive formulations have been improved to deUver spermicide more effectively and enhance consumer compliance. The formulation that deUvers the spermicide can affect the efficacy of vaginal contraceptives (86,87). Formulations currentiy available include jeUies, creams, suppositories, aerosol foams, and foaming tablets. Each consists of a relative inert base material that serves as a carrier for the chemically active spermicide and blocks to some extent the passage of sperm. 

Rifaximin (5% cream or foam) was applied vaginally from the delivery system at bedtime ... 

Shanbrom, E. U.S. Patent 5,545,401 (1996), Antiviral, spermicidal vaginal gel and foam containing low molecnlar weight povidone-iodine. 

Conventional vaginal delivery systems include tablets, foams gels, suspensions, and pessaries. Mucoadhesive gel formulations based on polycarbophil have been reported to remain 3 to 4 days at the vaginal tissue, providing an excellent vehicle for the delivery of progesterone and nonoxynol-9 [66]. 

Vaginal Local or systemic effects (hormones) No first-pass metabolism Inconvenient Erratic absorption Irritation Creams, ointments, foams, tablets, pessaries... 

Povidone-iodine is a macromolecular complex (poly-I(I-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone) that is used as an iodophor. It is formulated as a 10% applicator solution, a 2% cleansing solution, and in many topical formulations, for example aerosol sprays, aerosol foams, vaginal gels, ointments, and mouthwashes. Because it contains very little free iodine (less than 1 ppm in a 10% solution) its antibacterial effectiveness is only moderate compared with that of a pure solution of iodine. 

Conventional formulations intended for vaginal application include solutions, foams, creams, gels, tablets, and suppositories, in particular pessaries. 

Solutions (lavages) and foams are liquid preparations. The foams differ from the solutions in the presence of a suitable propellant, in the formulation, and the type of container, a pressurized delivery device. Plasma concentration profiles obtained after solution administration are characterized by a burst effect followed by a rapid decrease below therapeutic levels, due to the low residence time of the formulation in the vaginal cavity. Such preparations are designed to achieve a local effect particularly in case of inflammations or infections caused by bacteria or yeasts (anaerobic bacteria or Candida species). Nonoxynol-9 (N-9) foam is used as a contraceptive and against sexually transmitted diseases [19]. 

The vaginal retention and antiviral (anti-HIV) effect of different N-9 formulations were compared [43] Advantage 24 (cream) (Lake Pharmaceutics, Columbia Laboratories Inc., Livingston, NJ, USA), Conceptrol (cream) (Ortho Pharmaceuticals, Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA), Deflon Foam (foam) (Ortho Pharmaceuticals, Janssen-Ortho Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada), Semicid (suppository) (Whitehall Pharmaceuticals, Whitehall-Robbins Healthcare, Madison, NJ, USA), and VCF (film) (Apothecus Pharmaceutical Corporation, Oyster Bay, NY, USA). Even though there was a great variability... 

Typical vaginal delivery systems such as foams, gels and tablets are removed in a relatively short period of time by the self-cleansing action of the vaginal tract. In the eye, materials are diluted by tears and removed via the lachrymal drainage system. 

Estrogens arc commercially available in a wide variety of dosage fonns oral tablets, vaginal creanrs and foams, irans-demial patches, and iniromascular dosage preparations. 

Spermicide—A substance (nonoxynol-9 in the United States) placed in the vagina to inhibit the activity of sperm, thus reducing the risk of pregnancy available as vaginal creams, films, foams, gels, suppositories, sponges, and tablets. 

Most vaginally administered drugs ware delivered via creams, foams, suppositories, gels, or tablets. The women s health care market is very large and profitable and hence... 

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