Utility, large public

Promoting the sustainable development implies the availability of reliable measures. These measures should regard the complete manufacturing-supply chain over the predictable product life cycle. The metrics should be simple and understandable by the large public, useful for decision-making agents, consistent and reproducible. The sustainability measures proposed recently by Schwartz, Beloff Beaver (2002) have these properties. They refer to the same unit of outputs, for example the to the value-added dollar Fy4, defined as Revenues minus Costs of raw materials and utilities. The metrics that will be presented are consistent in the sense that 1) the lower the metric the more effective the process, and 2) all indicate the same direction. 

In the oil, gas and petro-chemical industries, the need for stability studies is primarily due to the fact that most plants have their own power generation facilities which are occasionally interconnected between themselves or with a large public utility. In either case, the stable performance of the system is of great importance, otherwise unwarranted shutdowns can occur with a resulting loss of production. 

Result. Core meltdown and considerable release of radiation to containment. A small amount was released to the environment. Reactor written off—operation of TMI-1 suspended. Clean-up and investigations have cost billions of dollars. Since then, there has been extensive reappraisal of safety requirements and no further ordering of nuclear plant by utilities in the USA. Uncertainty of situation and media reaction led to large public concern. 

The people who manage these plants are usually employees of large public utilities that own the plants. They often have mechanical engineering degrees. In... 

An important publication by Kost et al. (63JGU525) on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of pyrazoles contains a large collection of Rf values for 1 1 mixtures of petroleum ether-chloroform or benzene-chloroform as eluents and alumina as stationary phase. 1,3- and 1,5-disubstituted pyrazoles can be separated and identified by TLC (Rf l,3>i y 1,5). For another publication by the same authors on the chromatographic separation of the aminopyrazoles, see (63JGU2519). A-Unsubstituted pyrazoles move with difficulty and it is necessary to add acetone or methanol to the eluent mixture. Other convenient conditions for AH pyrazoles utilize silica gel and ethyl acetate saturated with water (a pentacyanoamine ferroate ammonium disodium salt solution can be used to visualize the pyrazoles). 

The element of p.f. mainly affects the secondary distribution system which serves industries, agriculture, public utilities and domestic loads. Most of them are highly inductive and result in lowering the system p.f. These loads are largely responsible for most of the distribution losses and voltage fluctuations at the consumer end. In developing countries it is estimated that useful power is lost mainly due to transmission and distribution losses. In India, for instance, it is estimated to result in a loss of about 18-20% of the total useful povver, most of which occurs at the secondary distribution attributable to low p.f.s. 

A. B. Sheremetev and N. N. Makhova (N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia) and W. Friedrichsen (University of Kiel, Germany) have reviewed the monocyclic furazans and furoxans. While much of the early work in this area was published in the German and Italian literature, more recently, a large amount has appeared in Russian journals, much of it being released for publication only during the last ten years. This survey should be of great utility to Western readers. 

Thus, a large focus of FCC catalyst research involves control of the density and location of acid sites in order to control product selectivity, product quahty and coke make. In a landmark publication Pines [30] demonstrated how widely spaced framework A1 sites may be utilized to produce high octane gasolines by decreasing hydrogen transfer reactions which in turn results in preservation of olefins. 

Among the large number of existing lipophilicity parameters [31], the descriptor frequently estimated by in silica methods is the partition coefficient of a solute between 1-octanol and water, expressed as log Poet [32]. However, lipophilicity determination in different solvent systems, such as alkane/water system, proved its utility in (Q)SAR studies and therefore some predictive methods also emerged in this field. Many publically available databases include numerous experimental values collected through the literature the quality of the experimental data represents the cornerstone of most of the models developed to predict lipophilicity. 

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