Utilities electricity cost

For a fiKcd flow tale and operating conditions (fluid physical properties) factors affecting Line capital cost are pipe material cost, complexity of piping (wtiieh affect installation cost), and factors affecting line operating cost are life time of the line, Utility (electricity) cost, pump or compieswr efficiency. For lines without pump or compressor, a faked pump or compressor efficiency of 100% should be used. 

Consider a typical rate-making proceeding for a regulated utility. Electric utilities can recover all prudently incurred operating and maintenance costs plus an opportunity to earn a fair return on their investment. This process involves three steps (1) deter-... 

SEMATECH estimated that the 5-year cost of operation for the prototype unit abating four-chamber exhausts containing PECs was 83,000/ year based on an 83% TPU operation while the commercial TPU cost of operation was 77,000/ year based on 100% TPU operation. The scrubber s once-through waster usage of 8 gal/min represents the major utility cost. It was assumed that a commercial facility would have lower electrical costs by eliminating the booster pump and extra sump pump (D17789D, pp. 9, 44). Table 1 discusses the annual utility costs associated with the industrial unit. 

Using data from the SITE demonstration, the total electrical demand for operation of the system was estimated to be about 30 horsepower, primarily to operate the vacuum blower. Assuming continuous operation, electrical costs of 0.06/kWh would result in yearly expenses of about 11,750. It is assumed that the cost of fuel for larger, diesel-operated compressors would be comparable. A small additional cost could be included for lighting the system over night (for security purposes). Including on-site telephone and facsimile service, the total annual utility costs would be about 17,000 per year (D10589F, p. 19). 

An HD CatOx system having a capacity of 200 standard cubic feet per minute (scfm) is priced at approximately 150,000 (1992 dollars). Daily operating costs for utilities and the caustic for hydrochloric acid neutralization are about 200 (1992 dollars). The preheater s monthly operating cost would be 220. Monthly electrical costs for the extraction blower and refrigeration unit would be approximately 800 (D135319, p. 530 D13108Y, p. 50). 

Variable costs raw material and utilities (electrical energy, steam, cooling water, etc.), overhead (if calculated related to product volume, which is assumed in the example). 

In many locations, excess electricity is accepted by power companies on a "net metering" basis (meters "run backward" when renewable energy is being sent into the grid). The accumulation of this excess can compensate for (or exceed) the amount of electricity needed when there is no wind. The Dutch utility Nuon reports that in 2005 the electricity cost on the spot market was 5.6 /kWh when there was no wind, and it dropped to 3 /kWh when the wind speed reached 13 m/s, because the fuel (wind) is free. 

Two low-cost policies can jump-start this shift a renewable portfolio standard (rps) and a cap on co2 emissions in the electricity sector. An rps that requires 20 percent of U.S. electricity to be renewable by 2020 has very little net cost to the country and the huge benefit of reducing future natural gas prices.4 Under such an rps, electricity prices would be lower in 2020 than they are today, according to a 2001 study by the Energy Information Administration.5 Caps on electric utility emissions of sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, and mercury have been proposed by many policy makers because they will dramatically improve air quality and save the lives of tens of thousands of Americans. Analysis by the epa has shown that a relatively modest additional cap on grid co2 emissions—returning to 2001 levels by 2013—would add a mere two-tenths of a penny per kilowatt-hour in 2020, about 3 percent of electricity costs.6... 

Utilities. Water-available for pumping at 65°F cost, 0.14 per 1000 gal. Steam-available at 100 psig cost, 1.50 per 1000 lb. Electricity-cost, 0.07 per kWh. 

Table 1. Benchmark (10-MW) System parameters and impact of multijunction (III-V) solar cell efficiency on a CPV utility reference system.7 High-efficiency solar cells are installed in essentially identical solar concentrator structures, and the cost per watt drops from about 6/watt to well under 2/watt while electricity costs fall below 10 cents per kWh. Higher production levels can lead to even lower levelized costs of energy (LCOE).7...

Process Sbare of electricity in utiHues (%) Share of utilities in cost price (%)... 

Utilities. Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) has performed extensive analysis of the operating cost and energy consumption of a production size supercritical system based on actual running performance. The LANL data indicated electrical cost at. 090... 

The reduction in steam is not without cost. We still have to pay the utilities (electricity or steam turbine) to operate the compressor. Generally, compressors are expensive to buy, maintain, and operate so you have to do some economic calculations to see if using a compressor is economical. At the usual conditions of an evaporator, the vapor can be treated as an ideal gas. Then the work required for adiabatic compression can be estimated from ... 

The cost of hydrogen was estimated by considering the capital costs, capital recovery factor, the operating expenses of the refueling station, the cost of utilities (fuel and electricity), and the cost of catalysts. The natural gas cost was assumed to be 5/ GJ on a higher heating value (HHV) basis, and the electricity cost was assumed to be 70/kWhr. The efficiency of the system (75% on a LHV basis) was used to determine the required amount of natural gas. A capacity factor of 90% for plant utilization was used. The capital recovery factor was determined as 13.1%, assuming 10% interest rate over 15 years. 

Figure 11.9 shows a static sensitivity analysis for a region with 100 fueling stations. The transport costs have been calculated to show the influence of the different parameters based on certain assumptions about transport distance and cars per FS. In the sensitivity analysis shown, the assumptions were 10 km dedicated distribution pipeline for each FS and 60 /MWh electricity costs for liquefaction. Onsite technologies are considered if transportation costs exceed 9 ct/kWh of hydrogen and if utilization is not too low (no fewer than 100 cars per FS). 

The capacities of these demonstration power plants are very small by utility standards. To examine the economy-of-scale effect of Energy Plantation-produced electricity, different-sized "high-performance" power plants were analyzed at one location where an intermediate electricity cost prevails, viz., Natchitoches. Louisiana. The load factor used in these calculations was 33 percent. The results are shown in Figure II. These costs show a marked economy-of-scale effect, with "utility-method" costs dropping from 43 to 32 mills/kWhr over the same range of generator capacities. 

These two vacuum systems can be compared on an annualized basis as discussed in Section 17.4, but it seems clear that the higher cost of the liquid-ring pump is more than offset by the much higher utility cost to operate the ejector system. The screw compressor is also a candidate, but its purchase cost, 65,000, is significantly higher and the annual electricity cost, at an overall efficiency of 70%, is only about 1,700/yr less than for the liquid-ring pump. ... 

The total bare-module cost for the column and its auxiliaries = 2,226,000 The annual heating steam cost for the reboiler is computed = 728,000/yr The annual cooling water cost for the two condensers = 84,000/yr The annual electricity cost for the reflux pump = 38,000/yr The total utility cost = 850,000/yr Compute the annualized cost. 

Figure 7.5a, for example, illustrates the most direct implementation of the Combined PV-electrolysis configuratiOTi. Commercially available photovoltaic (PV) panels are coupled with separate commercial electrolyzer units, such as alkaline or PEM electrolyzers and appropriate power-conditioning equipment is utilized to load-match the processes. This is the clear path to near-term renewable solar hydrogen, but it is by no means inexpensive. Based on recent cost studies from the NREL, hydrogen production cost would exceed 10/kg for PV electricity cost at... 

To calculate the costs of the cathode, anode, separator and electrolyte, we analyzed the manufacturing processes for these materials, including process steps, investments, utilities, electricity and direct manpower. Figure 24.4 shows the continuous manufacturing process used for NCM and nickel cobalt aluminium (NCA) [1]. The main steps in a continuous process for mixed metal cathodes are precipitation, blending, heat treatment and milling. 

Site-based costs (all utilities [electric power, steam, and CTW], labor, and investment payback) will not be charged for operation of the adsorption unit — even... 

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