Use of expert systems

Implementation of advanced performance degradation models, necessitate the inclusion of advanced instrumentation and sensors such as pyrometers for monitoring hot section components, dynamic pressure transducers for detection of surge and other flow instabilities such as combustion especially in the new dry low NO combustors. To fully round out a condition monitoring system the use of expert systems in determining fault and life cycle of various components is a necessity. 

A number of commercial expert systems have been applied to screen drug libraries. For instance, DEREK, TOPKAT, MultiCASE, and many other systems all have possibilities in this regard. However, it should be noted that for broad screening only compounds with toxicity associated with them can be identified, and hence these are very crude measures of hazard assessment. The use of expert systems to screen libraries is fraught with dangers, not least that no performance statistics are available for these systems being used for such an application. It is also highly probable that the vast majority of predic-... 

The first recorded reference to the use of expert systems in pharmaceutical product formulation was in the London Financial Times in the spring of 1989 [3], closely followed by an article in the autumn of the same year [4], Both referred to the work then being undertaken by personnel at ICI Pharmaceuticals, UK (now AstraZeneca) to develop an expert system for formulating pharmaceuticals ab initio. Since that time several companies and academic institutions have reported their experiences. 

Other more mathematical techniques, which rely on appropriate computer software and are examples of chemometrics (p. 33), include the generation of one-, two- or three-dimensional window diagrams, computer-directed searches and the use of expert systems (p. 529). A discussion of these is beyond the scope of this text. 

Nevertheless, where it is difficult for a computer to learn expert system rules, the traditional expert system still has a place. A typical recent example of the use of expert systems is provided by the work of Dobrzanski and Madejski62 who have developed a prototype system for determining metal coating that provides an optimum combination of appearance, abrasion resistance, color, and other factors. A less scientific, but still intriguing, example of the use of these systems is HuskEval, an expert system for evaluating the quality of Siberian Huskies.63... 

Reach target metabolic behavior, in particular target rate of activation Fast in vitro metabolic assessment and use of expert systems Dubious extrapolation to in vivo situations limited predictive capacity of some expert systems... 

The Use of Expert Systems for Toxicity Prediction Illustrated with Reference to the DEREK Program... 

The use of expert systems for toxicity prediction is based upon the premise that the activity of a molecule in any particular biological system is determined by its physicochemical properties, in particular its molecular structure (Barratt, 2000 Barratt and Rodford, 2001 Richard et al., 2000). From a knowledge of the latter, structural alerts — structural parts of molecules that are responsible for or can modulate biological activity, can be identified. 

Figure 9.5 Development and integrated use of expert systems tor toxicity prediction. 

In this chapter the third level of computer-assisted HPLC—the use of expert systems (like Drylab [1], AutoChrom [2], and ChromSword [3]) for effective method development— is discussed. 

Third, the developer must determine that the problem is well suited to use of expert system technologies. If the problem is purely algorithmic or procedural in nature, then it can be addressed by conventional technologies more efficiently than by expert systems. If the type of problem requires symbolic reasoning, then the problem may be suitable for expert systems technology. 

Overall, the pattern of acceptance and use of expert systems will probably parallel events that occurred in more established application areas such as word processing. 

Reference to the use of expert systems in pharmaceutical product formulation first appeared on 27 April 1989 in the London Financial Times (Bradshaw 1989). This article was closely followed by one in the same year by Walko (1989). Both these authors were describing the work being undertaken by ICI (now Zeneca) Pharmaceuticals and Logica UK Ltd. to develop an expert system for formulating pharmaceuticals using PFES. Since these first publications, many companies and academic institutions have published on work being conducted in this area, as shown in Table 8.3. 

The future of chemical applications in chemistry will bring many exciting new applications. The time will come when the use of expert systems will be an integral part of the practice of chemistry. Expert systems will not replace chemists, they will rather be very useful assistants which handle the details and allow the chemist to concentrate on the more challenging problems. 

The use of expert systems for both on-line and off-line risk analysis and decision support becomes much more complicated in an international environment. Human input and output interpretation becomes a much more challenging exercise. The user model upon which the system depends most certainly will have to account for both linguistic and cultural factors if the system is to operate reliably and effectively. Multicultural human factors must certainly be addressed if we are to succeed in international trade and multinational enterprise. 

A Fuzzy Expert System for Separation Sequencing of Bioproducts Computer Aided Modeling of Bacteria Cells The Use of Expert Systems... 

The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Distributed Control Model Based Reasoning Approach to Chemical Plant Design Use of Expert Systems in Nuclear Power Plants Application of AI to Management and Analysis Problems... 

The Use of Expert Systems in Negative Manufacturing Qualitative Simulation of Continuous Chemical Processes The Use of Expert Systems in Process Design of Offshore Oil and Gas Production Systems... 

The use of expert systems [13-14] allows the solution of problems which lack reliable mathematical models and are characterized by a great amount of empirical knowledge acquired in heterogeneous ways and by a high level of abstraction. The study of corrosion phenomena has such characteristics and is a very promising field for the realization of expert systems. 

Quantitative or qualitative risk assessment, which may require expert judgement. Potential for use of expert systems for preliminary assessments. 

Expert Systems The Use of Expert Systems in Drug Design-Toxicity and Metabolism... 

---