Use in Industry

For many reasons it may not be possible or desirable to drill a vertical well. There may be constraints because of the surface location. In the subsurface, multiple targets, the shape of the structure, faults, etc. may preclude a vertical well. Figure 3.14 shows some of the deviated we//trajectories freguently used in industry deviated with tangent to target, S-shaped and horizontal. 

NDT has a very important formal status. Requirements for performanee of NDT, acceptance criteria and requirements for personnel qualification are implemented in codes and standards. The NDT procedure is part of the contract. During the many years that NDT methods have been used in industry a well-established situation has evolved, enabling the use of NDT for the evaluation of welds against Good Workmanship Criteria on a routine basis, thus maintaining workmanship standards and minimising the risks of component failure. 

Very small synthetic diamonds have been made industrially by subjecting graphite to pressures in the range 5.5-b.9 GN m , at temperatures between 1500 and 2700 K. The diamonds produced are very small but competitive with natural diamonds for use in industrial cutting and grinding wheels. 

Chromates and dichromates are used in industry as oxidising agents, for example in the coal tar industry, in the leather industry (chrome taiming), and in the dye industry as mordants. Some chromates are used as pigments, for example those of zinc and lead. Chromates and dichromates are poisonous. 

The major problem in such conversions is the degradation of the branched carbon side-chain on C-17 which is present in all abundant steroids and lacking in all steroid hormones. The most important starting material used in industry today is diosgenin from the Mexican dioscorea plant. It is degraded by the method of Marker to 16-dehydropregnenolone in 45% total yield. This compound is a key substance in the production of several hormones with anabolic, catabolic, and sexual effects. 

The 2-imino-4-thiazolines may be used as ultraviolet-light stabilizers of polyolefin compositions (1026). 2-Aminothiazole improves adhesive properties of wood to wood glue (271). Cbmpound 428 exhibits antioxidant properties (Scheme 242) (1027). Ammonium N-(2-thiazolyl)dithio-carbamate (429) is a bactericide and fungicide used in industrial products such as lumber, paint, plastics, and textiles (1037). Compound 430 is reported (1038) to form an excellent volume of foam coating in aluminum pans when ignited with propane. 

Precision bench scales are designed for use in industrial settings they typically have capacities below 50 kg and 30,000 or more displayed divisions. Typical apphcations are counting very small parts or weighing hand-add materials for proportioning operations. 

Acetal resins are also used extensively in transportation, especially automotive. Handles and internal components (gears, gear racks, cables) for window lifts and other similar devices are examples. Most of the appHcations which do not involve painting or plating are below the window line. Many common consumer items are manufactured essentially entirely from acetal resin (eg, disposable lighters) or have critical components molded from acetal resin (eg, hubs and platforms for videocassettes). The properties that make acetal resins useful in industrial appHcations make them useful for internal components, especially mechanical drive systems, of many household appHances. 

The first differential centrifugal extractor to be used in industry was the PodbieHiiak extractor which was introduced in the 1950s (209,210) and can be regarded as a perforated-plate column wrapped around a rotor shaft. Rotation creates a centrifugal force which results in a great reduction in the equivalent height and contact time that would be needed in a conventional perforated-plate column. 

Micropowders are added to a wide variety of material used in industry, where they provide nonstick and sliding properties. They are incorporated into the product by blending and grinding. To disperse weU, the powder must have good flow properties. Conditions that make the powder sticky should be avoided. 

Raw Materials. PVC is inherently a hard and brittle material and very sensitive to heat it thus must be modified with a variety of plasticizers, stabilizers, and other processing aids to form heat-stable flexible or semiflexible products or with lesser amounts of these processing aids for the manufacture of rigid products (see Vinyl polymers, vinyl chloride polymers). Plasticizer levels used to produce the desired softness and flexibihty in a finished product vary between 25 parts per hundred (pph) parts of PVC for flooring products to about 80—100 pph for apparel products (245). Numerous plasticizers (qv) are commercially available for PVC, although dioctyl phthalate (DOP) is by far the most widely used in industrial appHcations due to its excellent properties and low cost. For example, phosphates provide improved flame resistance, adipate esters enhance low temperature flexibihty, polymeric plasticizers such as glycol adipates and azelates improve the migration resistance, and phthalate esters provide compatibiUty and flexibihty (245). 

Easy availabihty and the low cost of aluminum chloride are partially responsible for its wide use in industry. Although aluminum chloride is frequendy thought of as AlCl, at ordinary temperatures it is, in fact, the dimer which prevails up to 440°C between 440 and 880°C there is an... 

Gums are used in industry because their aqueous solutions or dispersions possess suspending and stabilising properties. In addition, gums may produce gels or act as emulsifiers, adhesives, flocculants, binders, film formers, lubricants, or friction reducers, depending on the shape and chemical nature of the particular gum (2). Considerable research has been carried out to relate the stmeture and shape (conformation) of some gums to their solution properties (3,4). 

Lubricating oils are also used in industrial and process appHcations such as hydrauhc and turbine oils, machine oil and grease, marine and railroad diesel, and metalworking oils. Process oils are used in the manufacture of mbber, textiles, leather, and electrical goods. The distribution of lube oils used in these apphcations in 1992 is as follows automotive, 45711 industrial, 2229 t and process, 1070 t (- SIS, 000 gal) (11). 

Initiation of radical reactions with uv radiation is widely used in industrial processes (85). In contrast to high energy radiation processes where the energy of the radiation alone is sufficient to initiate reactions, initiation by uv irradiation usually requires the presence of a photoinitiator, ie, a chemical compound or compounds that generate initiating radicals when subjected to uv radiation. There are two types of photoinitiator systems those that produce initiator radicals by intermolecular hydrogen abstraction and those that produce initiator radicals by photocleavage (86—91). 

Both the styienic and the aciyhc weak base lesins are used in industrial appHcations for the same purposes, primarily the removal of acidic components in... 

Several compounds of the CaO—P2O3—H2O system are given in Table 8. The common names for the mono-, di-, and tricalcium phosphates arise from the traditional double-oxide formulas, CaO 2i5p T2O3, 2CaO H2O +205, and 3CaO +205, respectively. These terms are routinely used in industry. With the exception of the monocalcium salt, the calcium phosphates are all sparingly soluble. 

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