Use as substrates for

In the calendering method, a PVC compound which contains plasticizers (qv) (60—120 phr), pigments (qv) (0—10 phr), fillers (qv) (20—60 phr), stabilizers (10—30 phr), and other additives, is kneaded with calender roUs at 150—200°C, followed by extmsion between clearance-adjusted roUs for bonding onto the substrate. This method is employed for products with thick PVC layers, ie, of 0.05—0.75 mm thickness. The main plasticizer used is di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DOP). For filler to reduce cost, calcium carbonate is mainly used. A woven or knit fabric made of cotton, rayon, nylon, polyester, and their blend fiber is used as substrate. For foamed vinyl-coated fabrics, the bonded materials are heated in an oven to decompose the foam-blowing... 

Dibromo-3-ketones may also be used as substrates for the preparation of A -3-ketones by Joly s method. " Hexamethylphosphoramide has been recommended as a medium suitable for the dehydrobromination of a-bromo ketones to give a, -unsaturated ketones in high yield without rearrange-... 

Various heterocyclic compounds have been used as substrates for the Conrad-Limpach reaction. Amino-isoquinoline 52 was converted into 54 in 36% overall yield. ... 

Cyclical monoterpenes such as limonene have also been used as substrate for the production of valuable products. A good example is the conversion of limonene to a-terpineol by Cladosporium sp. Thus,... 

Although both nuclear and extranuclear alkoxy- and aryloxyquinoxalines are easily made, only the nuclear ethers can be used as substrates for nucleophilic displacements. Some acyloxy- and triaUcylsUoxyquinoxalines are also covered briefly in this section. Many substituted phenoxyquinoxalines"° and analogs ... 

As we found that furan and thiophene substituted oximes can be used as substrates for the INOC reactions (Eq. 5) [29b] similarly, furan substituted nitro alkane 134 is also a good substrate for INOC reactions (Eq. 13) [40]. The furfuryl derivative 134, prepared via Michael addition of furfuryl alcohol to 4-methoxy- -nitrostyrene, was subsequently transformed without isolation of the intermediate nitrile oxide 135 to the triheterocyclic isoxazoline 136 as a 5 1 mixture of isomers in high yield. 

For desymmetrization of diesters 3 via their hydrolysis in water, pig Hver esterase [12], o -chymotrypsin [12, 13a], and Candida antarctica Hpase (CAL-B) [14] were successfully used. However, further studies showed that respective anhydrides 5 can be used as substrates for enzyme-catalyzed desymmetrization in organic solvents [15]. The desired monoesters 4 were obtained in high yield in this way, using immobilized enzymes Novozym 435 or Chirazyme L-2 (Scheme 5.3). After the reaction, enzymes were filtered off, organic solvents were evaporated, and the crude products were crystalHzed. This was a much simpler experimental procedure in which control of the reaction progress was not necessary, and aU problems associated with extraction of products from aqueous phase and their further purification were omitted [15]. 

Borosilicate glass spheres with a diameter of 2 mm were used as substrates for the deposition. 

Activated esters of halogenated alcohols, such as 2-chloroethanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, and 2,2,2-trichloroethanol, have been often used as substrate for enzymatic synthesis of esters, owing to an increase in the electrophilicity (reactivity) of the acyl carbonyl and avoid significant alcoholysis of the products by decreasing the nucleophilicity of the leaving alcohols. ... 

On the other hand, agricultural wastes can be alternatively used as substrates for edible biomass production. Cotton plant stalks [8], maize residues [9], olive milling wastewater [10] have been tested for cultivation of Pleurotus sp. fruiting body. 

Enriched I (more than 75% (5)-I) was used as substrate for Pd-catalysed allylic alkylation, using both colloidal [Pd/l]coii and molecular [Pd/lj oi catalysts. As observed in Scheme 3, the colloidal system reacts more slowly with (S)-I enantiomer only 8% of (R)-l is present in the starting substrate, leading to a substrate conversion of ca. 10% with an ee of the remained substrate higher than 99% (S), in agreement with the relative rate calculated previously, k((/J)-I)/k((S)-I) 12 (see above). This relative rate is actually smaller for the molecular catalyst (see above) and consequently a higher conversion was obtained in this case 67% conversion is achieved after 30 h of reaction from a starting substrate constituted by 88.5 R)-I and 11.5(5)- . 

This conclusion is in agreement with experiments in which a smootb quartz and cellulose were used as substrates. For above materials the transfer of excitation energy of the dye into the substrate is low which is confirmed by intensive luminescence of adsorbed tripaflavine. Note, that the activation energy of emission of singlet oxygen is close for zinc oxide oxidized by oxygen atoms, quartz and cellulose and amounts to 5-10 kcal/mol [83]. 

Pyrrolidine 2-548e was used as substrate for the synthesis of the natural product a-kainic acid [286, 287]. 

The first report on the reaction of D-pseudoephedrine 66 with phosphoryl chloride appeared as early as 1962 [49], More recently it was found that this condensation gave 2-chloro-l,3,2-oxazaphospholidine 2-oxides 67 as a single diastereomer which was subsequently esterified with racemic aldehyde cyanohydrins 68 without racemization at the phosphorus atom. The prepared diastereomeric esters 69 were used as substrates for the asymmetric synthesis of optically active cyanohydrins 72, which involves the intermediate formation of the tertiary esters 70, as shown in Scheme 22 [50],... 

Alkyl sulfonates are frequently used as substrates for nucleophilic substitution reactions. 

The second class of materials, which we will consider herein are carbons with a highly ordered porosity prepared by a template technique [15-18]. The pores are characterized by a well-defined size determined by the wall thickness of the silica substrate used as substrate for carbon infiltration. They can be also interconnected, that is very useful for the charge diffusion in the electrodes. Figure 1 presents the general principle of the carbon preparation by a template technique, where the silica matrix can be, for example, MCM-48 or SBA-15. 

The (alkenyl-ethynyl)gold(i) complexes shown in Scheme 13 were prepared with mono- and ditertiary phosphine ligands and used as substrates for the coordination of coinage metal cations. The products are strongly luminescent.60... 

Esters of 4, which are used as substrates for the preparation of D-glucofuranosylurono-6,3-lactone halides (see Section 1,1) or aryl D-glucofuranosidurono-6,3-lactones (see Section 1,2), are prepared by reaction of 4 with acid halides or anhydrides in the presence of a basic or an acidic catalyst. 

The same authors also reported the dispersion of palladium nanoparticles in a water/AOT/n-hexane microemulsion by hydrogen gas reduction of PdClJ and its efficiency for hydrogenation of alkenes in organic solvents [79]. UV-visible spectroscopy and TEM analysis revealed the formation of Pd nanoparticles with diameters in the range of 4 to 10 nm. Three olefins (1-phenyl-l-cyclohexene, methyl trans-cinnamate, and trans-stilbene) were used as substrates for the catalytic hydrogenation experiments under 1 atm of H2 (Table 9.12). All of the Start-... 

In addition there is other evidence pointing to the fact that the same enzyme is involved in reactions with both D-fructose and L-arabinose. First, the relative rates of reaction with D-fructose and L-arabinose, respectively, remain constant after partial inactivation of the enzyme by heat. Second, the enzyme catalyzing both reactions is produced to a marked extent when sucrose is used as substrate for the growth of the organisms, but not when D-glucose or L-arabinose is used sucrose phos-phorylase is an adaptive enzyme. Third, on fractionation of the enzyme preparation with various concentrations of ammonium sulfate, the relative activities of the fractions are the same for both sugars. These observations indicate not only that the same enzyme is involved in both reactions but also that no additional enzyme is required for the formation of D-glucosyl-L-arabinose. 

Triglycerides are nontoxic, biodegradable and renewable molecules which are being used as substrate for the synthesis of a variety of useful molecules such as glycerol esters, fatty acid alkyl esters, triacetin, ketals, acetals, glycerol carbonates, etc (Scheme 1). 

Prepare a solution of 5 m 3-cyanopyridine (320 mL) to be used as substrate for nicotinic acid preparation in 0.1 m potassium phosphate buffer pH 8.0. 

Because of partial deactivation of many catalysts by aliphatic amines, less nucleophilic derivatives such as carboxamides or carbamates are usually used as substrates for carbene N-H insertion. 

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