US National Institute of Health

US National Institute of Health - National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Online. Available HTTP (accessed 10 April 2003). 

Patenting DNA sequences came under heavy legal and public scrutiny in 1992, when the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) filed a patent application on partial human cDNA sequences of unknown function. This patent was rejected, and the consensus has emerged that patent protection should only be considered for nucleotide sequences that can be used for specific purposes, e.g. for a sequence which can serve as a diagnostic marker or codes for a protein product of medical value. This appears to be a reasonable approach, as it balances issues of public interest with encouraging innovation in the area. 

In 1987, the US National Institutes of Health reviewed existing worldwide data on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance (51). They concluded that resistance to antibiotics was not solely a function of usage, but might result from the inevitable process of bacterial evolution. Other phenomena, including increased human resistance to antibiotics never used in animals and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in developing countries where use of animal antibiotics is uncommon, led the experts to support that human antibiotic resistance should primarily be due to a variety of factors other than animal antibiotics. 

Research funding has been derived in part from past and current grants from the Manitoba Medical Service Foundation, Canadian Institutes of Health Research - Institute of Musculoskeletal Health and Arthritis, and the US National Institutes of Health - National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research ( R01DE017889). We thank our clinical collaborators, Dr. Cecilia Dong (Faculty of Dentistry, U. Manitoba) and Dr. Blaine Cleghorn (Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie U.) for insightful discussions and clinical assessments. We also thank the staff and students of the Dental Clinics at U. Manitoba and at Dalhousie U. for assistance with tooth collection. 

In an article in October 199 233 in response to an invitation from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), A1 Gore posed the question How can we... 

Recent advances in chemoinformatics have greatly enhanced the utility of these resources and many are now accessible via the Internet.28 CHEMnet-BASE (www.chemnetbase.com) provides online access to a variety of databases including the Dictionary of Natural Products and the Dictionary of Marine Natural Products, although full access through CHEMnetBASE requires a subscription. The Chemical Structure Lookup Service (http //cactus.nci.-nih.gov/lookup) is an open access database and incorporates information from more than 80 databases on over 27 million structures. PubChem (http //pub-chem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) is another open access database that also links bioassay data to each structure. Measures such as the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) Public Access Policy Mandate should increase the amount of openly accessible information available on the Internet and facilitate dissemination of information. 

The work was supported by grants HL54700 and HL 31579 from the US National Institutes of Health, grant MT7477 from the Medical Research Council of Canada, and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research Program in Science of Soft Surfaces and Interfaces. 

Noise-induced hearing loss is a problem of epidemic proportion in modern society, and is currently the second most common form of hearing impairment in the United States (after age-related hearing loss). Although it is difficult to accurately assess the extent of the problem, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has estimated that 12.5% of US children aged 6-19 years have some form of noise-induced hearing loss in one or both ears, and a 1990 Consensus Statement issued by the US National Institutes of Health estimated that over one-third of the 28 million people in the United States suffering from... 

The Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) (http//dilin.dcri.duke. edu/) has been established to conduct research into the causes of drug-induced liver disease (DILI). DILIN is a nonprofit endeavor sponsored by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) of the US National Institutes of Health. DILIN hopes to be able to discover why some people have these unwanted liver reactions and others do not. 

PG Wang. Proposal submitted to the US National Institutes of Health, February 1, 1998. 

There is now an accumulation of evidence which shows that deregulation of this system can cause a variety of diseases. As a background paper from the US National Institutes of Health summarized recently ... 

The US National Institutes of Health (grant ROl GM073845) supports our work on the cyanobacterial circadian clock. We thank our collaborators at Vanderbilt University, Drs. Carl H. Johnson and Phoebe L. Stewart for sharing their insight. 

Acknowledgments The authors thank Phihp Heacock for assistance in preparation of the figures. Work of the authors presented in this review was supported by grants GM20478 and GM56389 from the US National Institutes of Health and funds from the John S. Dunn, Sr., Research Foundation awarded to W.D. 

I thank members of my laboratory and my colleagues for valuable discussions, particularly Michelle Duquette, Michael Huber, and Erik Larson. We are grateful to the US National Institutes of Health for supporting our research on G4 DNA (GM65988). 

An excellent overview of ongoing research activities for vaccines is provided by the Jordan Reports issued by the US National Institutes of Health [1]. According to the latest issue of these reports, the number of vaccine R D projects in the United States in the year 2000 amounted to more than 500 projects. Almost one-third of these were various efforts to develop vaccines against AIDS. A list of the main target indications pursued by recent vaccine research and development efforts is given in Table 1. 

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