Urine glucose excretion

Drug/Lab test interactions Thiazides may decrease serum PBI levels without signs of thyroid disturbance. Thiazides also may cause diagnostic interference of serum electrolyte, blood, and urine glucose levels (usually only in patients with a predisposition to glucose intolerance), serum bilirubin levels, and serum uric acid levels. In uremic patients, serum magnesium levels may be increased. Bendroflumethiazide may interfere with the phenolsulfonphthalein test due to decreased excretion. In the phentolamine and tyramine tests, bendroflumethiazide... 

Pharmacokinetics Fructose Fructose is slowly absorbed from the Gl tract. Metabolized in liver by phosphorylation and partly converted to liver glycogen and glucose. Excreted in urine. Dextrose Dextrose is rapidly absorbed from Gl tract. Distributed and stored throughout tissues. Metabolized in liver to carbon dioxide and water. 

Clinical inosituria was first observed in 1858, shortly after myo-inositol had been discovered.107 It is a usual concomitant of diabetes mellitus and an extended debate has been waged as to whether inosituria is associated with the glucosuria (D-glucose excretion), characteristic of this disease or with the polyuria (excessive urine volume). The debate was apparently resolved in favor of the former hypothesis by the results of careful studies by Daughaday and coworkers.108 These workers found that, in both humans and rats, the reabsorption of myo-inositol in the kidney is inhibited by high loads of D-glucose. 

Blood glucose concentrations would remain high after meals, and much of the glucose would be excreted in the urine. Glucose metabolism would operate, therefore, at a lower level than normal. 

Fig. 2. Urinary glucose excretion in partially depancreatized rats with or without poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibitor injection. 1, 2, and 3 months after the 90% pancreatectomy, the urine of each rat was collected for 24 h. Urinary glucose levels were measured by the glucose oxidase method. O Control rats nicotinamide-injected rats 3-aminobenzamide-injected rats. Statistical significance of differences between rats treated with and without poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibitors was analyzed using Student s t test. Each point is the mean for five different rats vertical bars show SD when larger than the symbol indicating the mean value., and = p<0.10, p<0.05, and p<0.025 vs control rats. The time after the partial pancreatectomy is shown on the abscissa...

Antidiuretic hormone Glucose/insulin Urine osmolality Plasma insulin, glucose concentration Urine sodium excretion... 

Evidence for the pathway of the catabolism of valine has also been sought from the nature of the distribution pattern of the label in glucose (of hver glycogen) or glucose excreted in the urine by phlorizin-ized rats. 

In clinical medicine, the tests most often used to detect abnormalities of carbohydrate metabolism are determination of glucose excretion in the urine and estimation of the glucose concentration in the blood during fasting and after administration of a large dose of glucose (glucose tolerance... 

There appears to be a chromium pool in individuals who are not chromium deficient (136). When there is an increase in level of cHculating insulin in response to a glucose load, an increase in circulating chromium occurs over a period of 0.5—2 h. This is foUowed by a decline and excretion of chromium in urine increases. Chromium deficiency is indicated when no increase or a small increase in blood chromium level or urine chromium occurs. 

Absorption of mannitol (209), sorbitol (210), and xyfltol (4) from the intestinal tract is relatively slow, compared to that of glucose. In humans, approximately 65% of orally adrninistered mannitol is absorbed in the dose range of 40—100 g. About one-third of the absorbed mannitol is excreted in the urine. The remainder is oxidized to carbon dioxide (211). 

Glucose is also called blood sugar. It is absorbed readily into the bloodstream and is normally found there at concentrations ranging from 0.004 to 0.008 mol/L. If the concentration of glucose drops below 0.003 M, a condition called hypoglycemia is created, with symptoms ranging from nervousness to loss of consciousness. If the glucose level rises above 0.01 M, as can easily happen with diabetics, it is excreted in the urine. 

Urine testing can play a role in identifying ketone excretion in patients prone to ketoacidosis. If urine testing is done, it is usually recommended tiiat the nurse use the second voided specimen (ie, fresh urine collected 30 minutes after the initial voiding) to check glucose or acetone levels, ratiier than die first specimen obtained. 

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