Urban London

Thirteen hundred years later, controls on the use of coal in London were passed, marking the recorded start of air pollution control. But such controls were not enough to prevent the buildup of pollutants as by-products of industrialization air pollution was common to all industrialized nations by 1925. Air pollution is still a significant problem in urban centers worldwide. In the United States, pollutant emissions and air pollution concentrations have been falling, for the most part, since the 1970s. 

The modern natural-gas industry has its origins in the nineteenth centuiy as urban gas works that distributed synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide made by the incomplete combustion of coal, oil, or organic wastes in the presence of steam). Gas works illuminated London streets even before 1800, and subsequently... 

In dry air the stability of zinc is remarkable. Once the protective layer of zinc oxide formed initially is complete, the attack ceases. Even under under normal urban conditions, such as those in London, zinc sheet 0 -8 mm thick has been found to have an effective life of 40 years or more when used as a roof covering and no repair has been needed except for mechanical damage. The presence of water does, of course, increase the rate of corrosion when water is present the initial corrosion product is zinc hydroxide, which is then converted by the action of carbon dioxide to a basic zinc carbonate, probably of composition similar to ZnCOj 3Zn(OH)2 . In very damp conditions unprotected zinc sometimes forms a loose and more conspicuous form of corrosion product known as wet storage stain or white rust (see p. 4.171). 

Temes TA, Joss A (2006) Human pharmaceuticals, hormones and fragrances. The challenge of micropollutans in urban management. IWA, London, UK... 

John McGreevy, Parish Boundaries The Catholic Encounter with Race in the Twentieth-Century Urban North (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1996), pp. 28-53 Michael Denning, The Cultural Front The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century (London Verso, 1997), pp. 192-199, 445-454. 

William A. Sodeman, Pathologic Physiology, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pa. and London, England, 1950. (See also F. Buchner, Allemeine Pathologie, Urban Schwarzenberg, Munchen-Berlin, 1950.)... 

Approximately half of the world s population now lives in urban areas, and half of these people suffer an atmosphere containing harmful amounts of substances such as sulfur dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter. Approximately 4000 people died from lung and heart conditions during a London smog episode in December 1952. Globally, around 50% of cases of chronic respiratory illness are now connected with ah pollution. The most... 

Taylor, N. (1998) Urban Planning Theory since 1945y Sage Publications, London Williams, T. I. (1972) The Chemical Industry, EP Publishing Ltd, Wakefield... 

Ternes, T. and Joss, A. (eds) (2006) Human Pharmaceuticals, Hormones and Fragrances. The Challenge of Micro-Pollutants in Urban Water Management, IWA Publishing, London. 

The term smog was coined in 1911 to describe a poisonous mixture of smoke, fog, and air that settled over the city of London and killed 1150 people. Smog has since grown to be a major problem, especially over urban areas where industrial and human activities abound. 

While Table 5 shows officially reported data for both hot spots and urban background areas, Table 6 shows the population affected by exceedances of the daily mean PM10 limit value in the urban background of the critical areas. These data were derived from the gridded ETC/ACC PM10 maps. Berlin, Stuttgart, London and Paris do not show exceedances on a 10 km x 10 km scale. The largest number of people affected live in northern Italy and southern Poland. 

Figure 3 shows a comparison of the range of trends at urban traffic sites in the selected areas. Whereas for most areas a decrease in NOx has been observed at all sites, N02 values have increased in Berlin, Lisbon, London and Stuttgart. This is an... 

The data on the modal split of urban traffic do not seem to be completely comparable (e.g. not all the data cover pedestrian traffic). However, significantly high shares of private cars have been reported for Athens, Paris, Stuttgart, Milan and London (40-50%). Distinctly low shares of private cars have been reported for Krakow and Berlin (about 30%). 

A semi-external critical factor is the total size of an agglomeration, which causes high urban background concentrations and is related to a high amount of urban traffic. This is a critical factor which applies especially to Paris and London. 

Rodriguez S, Van Dingenen R, Putaud JP, Dell Acqua A, Pey J, Querol X, Alastuey A, Chenery S, Kin-Fai H, Harrison RM, Tardivo R, Scamato B, Gianelle V (2007) A study on the relationship between mass concentration, chemistry and number size distribution of urban fine aerosols in Milan, Barcelona and London. Atmos Chem Phys 7 2217-2232... 

Fig. 1 Typical example of particle size distributions at roadside (Marylebone Road, London) and urban background site (North Kensington, London), both taken in 2007. Also are shown size dependent deposition in alveolar region [102]...

Fig. 2 Typical contribution of various sources towards (a) roadside PNCs in the 14.9-10,000 nm size range London, and (b) urban background PNCs in the 13-800 nm size range in Barcelona. Roadside and urban background data has been taken from Harrison et al. [19] and Pey et al. [18], respectively...

Urban background UK London (Bloomsbury) 2003 10—415 DMPS Rodriguez et al. [119]... 

The anthropogenic input of nutrients probably accelerated greatly with the development of urban water systems, indoor plumbing, and the "water closet". In his history of pollution in the tidal Thames, Wood (1982) noted that after 1815 it was "mandatory to connect cesspools to the sewers", and that indoor flush toilets were "widely used in London after 1830". In the United States, about one-third of urban households had running water and flush toilets by 1830 (Melosi, 1981) and between 1906-1915, Baltimore, Maryland became, "the last of the great American cities to build a modern system for... 

---