United States and Japan

This hquid contains 27% chlorine and 12% phosphoms. It is made from ethylene oxide, diethylene glycol, and phosphoms oxychloride (80). It is available ia the United States and Japan from Daihachi. 

Iodine plant locations in the United States and Japan are dictated primarily by the availabiHty of natural brines or bitterns containing adequate amounts of iodine. In 1992, the United States had three iodine-producing companies Woodward Iodine Corp., North American Brine Resources, and loChem. In Japan there are five iodine-producing companies, with over 30 plants Ise, Godo, Nippo, Nitten, and Kanto. AH these companies deHver iodine as flaked material except Ise, which also produces pfiUed iodine. 

During the years 1981 to 1986, the average consumption of manganese units (as ferroalloys) for the EEC, the United States, and Japan combined, decreased from 6.5 to 5.5 kg/t of steel. Eor the same period in the United States, the consumption of manganese decreased from 6.2 to 4.7 kg/t of steel (33), and apparendy decreased further in the years of 1990, 1991, and 1992 to 4.15, 4.11, 3.85 kg/t of steef respectively (9). In contrast, in 1984, the steel industry of the former USSR, where 50% of steel production was stiU made in open-hearth furnaces, had an average consumption of manganese units of 13 kg/t steel (35). 

Polyoctenamer trans-ocX.en.e mbber) is manufactured in Europe by Hbls AG at 12,000 t/yr under the trade name Vestenamer. Components for the manufacture of polydicyclopentadiene (PDCPD), a Hquid mol ding resin, are produced by Hercules in the United States (13,600 t/yr), by Teijin in Japan (3000 t/yr), and by Shell in Europe, under the trade name Metton they are also produced by Goodrich in the United States and Japan under the trade name Telene. 

Most of the polysulfide sales are in Europe, the United States, and Japan. Over the next few years, there should be some expansion into other countries. 

Ceramics. Calcined aluminas are used in both electronic and stmctural ceramics (see Advanced ceramics). Electronic appHcations are dominant in the United States and Japan whereas mechanical appHcations are predominant in Europe (1). Specialty electronic integrated circuit packages generally use the low soda and thermally reactive aluminas. 

The hydroperoxide process involves oxidation of propjiene (qv) to propylene oxide by an organic hydroperoxide. An alcohol is produced as a coproduct. Two different hydroperoxides are used commercially that result in / fZ-butanol or 1-phenylethanol as the coproduct. The / fZ-butanol (TBA) has been used as a gasoline additive, dehydrated to isobutjiene, and used as feedstock to produce methyl tert-huty ether (MTBE), a gasoline additive. The 1-phenyl ethanol is dehydrated to styrene. ARCO Chemical has plants producing the TBA coproduct in the United States, Erance, and the Netherlands. Texaco has a TBA coproduct plant in the United States. Styrene coproduct plants are operated by ARCO Chemical in the United States and Japan, Shell in the Netherlands, Repsol in Spain, and Yukong in South Korea. 

Uses. The United States and Japan account for about three quarters of the world demand for strontium carbonate, ca 150,000 t/yr. In 1993,... 

The perhydrolysis reaction could theoretically continue to give four moles of peracid per mole of TAED but stops at this stoichiometry because of the substantial increase in the conjugate acid pify of the leaving group going from an amide (p-R = 17) to an amine (pif = 35) (94,95). Nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (NOBS) [101482-85-3] is used in detergent products in the United States and Japan. The NOBS perhydrolysis reaction is shown in equation 20 (96). 

Registration of a new chemical substance in the United States and Japan requkes similar comprehensive sets of data, although there are some differences. Obtaining all the data for a full registration can be time-consuming and costiy. In 1989 it cost approximately 150,000 and took about a year to register a new substance in Europe. 

In the United States and Japan usually without bleaching components. 

Railway electric traction systems use either ac or direct current (dc). Third rail systems operate on dc at 600 to 700 V. Overhead systems can be found with either 1,500 or 3,000 V dc, or using ac at a range of voltages (from 11,000 to 50,000) and frequencies (16 2/3 to 60 Hz). The modern standard for overhead catenai y systems is usually 25,000 V and cither 50 nr 60 Hz depending on the industrial standard for the country (50 Hz for most of Europe, 60 Hz for the United States and Japan). 

National Research Council, National Materials Advisory Board. State of the Art Reviews Advanced Processing of Electronic Materials in the United States and Japan. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press, 1986. 

High-temperature solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The working electrolyte is a solid electrolyte based on zirconium dioxide doped with oxides of yttrium and other metals the working temperatures are 800 to 1000°C. Experimental plants with a power of up to lOOkW have been built with such systems in the United States and Japan. 

BicarboneR A biological sewage treatment process, using bacteria contained in a fixed bed. Developed by Compagnie General des Eaux, France, and used in the United States and Japan. 

SHP A process for purifying 1-butene by selective hydrogenation of C4 streams in petroleum refineries. A hetrogeneous palladium catalyst is used. Developed in Htils and used in 1989 in Germany, the United States, and Japan. In 1991 the licensing rights were acquired by UOP. 

White-tip (Aphelenchoides sp.). White-tip is a serious, seed-borne disease of rice in the United States and Japan. The disease also has been observed in Panama and Korea and may be present in other countries, as the disease can be easily disseminated by rice seed. Because this nematode disease is primarily seed-borne (4) and not soil-borne, much work on the control of the disease has been focused on seed treatment with various chemical compounds. 

TABLE 5.2 Duration of Repeated Dose Toxicity Studies to Support Phase I and II Trials in the European Union and Phase I, II, and III Trials in the United States and Japan ... 

There are slight differences in the requirements for the European Union, the United States, and Japan. Duration to support Phase III trials in the EU, when they differ from the other data, is given in parentheses. Readers are referred to Guidance for Industry M3 Nonclinical Safety Studies for the Conduct of Human Clinical Trials for Pharmaceuticals, EDA, Rockville, MD, 1997. http //www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/1855fnl.pdf [accessed September 20,2007]. 

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