United Kingdom products

RawUns MD, Jefferys DB. Study of United Kingdom product licence apphcations containing new active substances. BMJ 1991 302 223-5. 

Table 3.12 United Kingdom production of sulphuric acid, consumption of each raw material and proportion of acid made therefrom (in thousands of metric tonnes). Reproduced by permission of the National Sulphuric Acid Association Ltd. 9 i 1 > r > C C r... 

Lead chamber plants were used for many years after the introduction of the contact process in which small companies made acid for their own operations. Table 2.2 shows that in both the United States and the United Kingdom production of chamber acid continued until well after the 1960s. 

The fiscal system set by the host government determines the method by which the host nation claims its entitlement to income from the production and sale of hydrocarbons. The simplest fiscal system is the tax and royalty scheme, such as that applied to income from production in the UKCS (United Kingdom Continental Shelf). 

Price category production, departmental, institutional Platforms Linux, Alpha, Cray, Fujitsu, AIX, SGI, Sun, HP-UX, NEC Contact information P. J. Knowles School of Chemistry University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT United Kingdom +44-121-414-7472 http / / ww w. tc.bham. ac. uk/molpro/ molpro-request tc.bham.ac.uk... 

The acquisition of the rights to the viscose process became one of the most profitable investments of aU time. Interest in the new fiber was intense, and growth of production capacity was exponential. By 1907, the Courtauld company was selling aU the artificial sHk it could produce and proceeded to expand into the U.S. market. In 1910 they formed the American Viscose Co. and in 1911 started the first U.S. viscose factory at Marcus Hook. By 1939, Courtaulds had six factories in the United States, seven in the United Kingdom, one in Erance, one in Canada, and joint ventures in Germany and Italy. 

Fluorine was first produced commercially ca 50 years after its discovery. In the intervening period, fluorine chemistry was restricted to the development of various types of electrolytic cells on a laboratory scale. In World War 11, the demand for uranium hexafluoride [7783-81-5] UF, in the United States and United Kingdom, and chlorine trifluoride [7790-91 -2J, CIF, in Germany, led to the development of commercial fluorine-generating cells. The main use of fluorine in the 1990s is in the production of UF for the nuclear power industry (see Nuclearreactors). However, its use in the preparation of some specialty products and in the surface treatment of polymers is growing. 

Manufacturers. Besides manufacturers in the United States, commercial fluorine plants are operating in Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom (see Table 5). Fluorine is also produced in the Commonwealth of Independent States (former Soviet Union) however, details regarding its manufacture, production volumes, etc, are regarded as secret information. The total commercial production capacity of fluorine in the United States and Canada is estimated at over 5000 t/yr, of which 70—80% is devoted to uranium hexafluoride production. Most of the gas is used in captive uranium-processing operations. 

In Western Europe, the CPC producers are equally varied. The following is a partial Hst of the larger companies with total CPC production capacity (10 t) at all sites shown in parentheses Atochem SA (148.5, Prance and Spain), Hoescht AG (102.0, Germany), KaH-Chemie AG (66.0, Germany and Spain), Montefluos SpA (100.0, Italy), and ICI Chemicals and Polymers Ltd. (>113.6, United Kingdom). These producers account for over 80% of the Western European CPC production. 

LPC Processes. Process development for LPC production dates from the United Kingdom and Hungary from 1920—1940 (89,90). Table 9 presents some of the processing methods that are used or under development in the 1990s. 

Economic Aspects. Production of indium has been reported from Belgium, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Pern, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as countries in the CIS (the former Soviet Union) (5). 

Hard coal is more important ia most of the western European countries with the exception of Austria and Italy. No lignitic coal production was iadicated ia 1989 for the Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Sweden, Norway, and the United Kingdom (24). 

Ma.nufa.cture. Nickel carbonyl can be prepared by the direct combination of carbon monoxide and metallic nickel (77). The presence of sulfur, the surface area, and the surface activity of the nickel affect the formation of nickel carbonyl (78). The thermodynamics of formation and reaction are documented (79). Two commercial processes are used for large-scale production (80). An atmospheric method, whereby carbon monoxide is passed over nickel sulfide and freshly reduced nickel metal, is used in the United Kingdom to produce pure nickel carbonyl (81). The second method, used in Canada, involves high pressure CO in the formation of iron and nickel carbonyls the two are separated by distillation (81). Very high pressure CO is required for the formation of cobalt carbonyl and a method has been described where the mixed carbonyls are scmbbed with ammonia or an amine and the cobalt is extracted as the ammine carbonyl (82). A discontinued commercial process in the United States involved the reaction of carbon monoxide with nickel sulfate solution. 

Industrial production of copper phthalocyanine usually favors either the phthaUc anhydride—urea process (United States, United Kingdom) (1,52,53) or the (9-phthalodinitrile process (Germany, Japan) (54,55). Both can be carried out continuously or batchwise in a solvent or bake process of the soHd reactants (56). 

United Kingdom United States 360 Mining Chemical Products Ltd., Alperton, London Asarco Inc., New York... 

Naphthalene. Until the 1960s, the principal outlet for naphthalene was the production of phthaHc anhydride however, more recently, o-xylene has replaced naphthalene as the preferred feedstock (see Phthalic acids). Nevertheless, of the 201,000 t produced in 1994 in Japan, 73.2% was used for phthaHc anhydride production. The rest was consumed in dye stuffs manufacture and a wide variety of other uses. Naphthalene is also used to produce phthaHc anhydride in the United Kingdom, Belgium, and the C2ech RepubHc, and can be used by Koppers in the United States in time of o-xylene shortages. In Europe, the traditional uses for naphthalene have been for the manufacture of P-naphthol and for dye stuff intermediates (see Dyes and dye... 

The market for tar-based road binders has declined considerably for a variety of reasons. Less cmde tar is available and the profits from the sales of electrode pitch and wood-preservation creosote or creosote as carbon-black feedstock are higher than those from road tar. In most industrial countries, road constmction in more recent years has been concentrated on high speed motorways. Concrete, petroleum bitumen, or lake asphalt are used in the constmction of these motorways. In the United Kingdom, for example, the use of tar products in road making and maintenance had fallen from 330,000 t in 1960 to 100,000 t in 1975 and is less than 100 t in 1994, mainly based on low temperature pitch which is not suitable for electrode or briquetting binders, but which is perfectly satisfactory as the basis for road binders. 

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