United Kingdom competitions

The United Kingdoms competitive position rests increasingly on our capacity to trade in goods and services incorporating or produced by the latest science and technology. (DTI, 1993, paragraph 1.14)... 

New products introduced following a major apphcation for a product licence from the United Kingdom Licensing Authority may be priced at the discretion of the company on entering the market. This will have to take account of costs of research and development and the competition in the marketplace. 

Traditionally, ethanol has been made from ethylene by sulfation followed by hydrolysis of the ethyl sulfate so produced. This type of process has the disadvantages of severe corrosion problems, the requirement for sulfuric acid reconcentration, and loss of yield caused by ethyl ether formation. Recently a successful direct catalytic hydration of ethylene has been accomplished on a commercial scale. This process, developed by Veba-Chemie in Germany, uses a fixed bed catalytic reaction system. Although direct hydration plants have been operated by Shell Chemical and Texas Eastman, Veba claims technical and economic superiority because of new catalyst developments. Because of its economic superiority, it is now replacing the sulfuric acid based process and has been licensed to British Petroleum in the United Kingdom, Publicker Industries in the United States, and others. By including ethanol dehydrogenation facilities, Veba claims that acetaldehyde can be produced indirectly from ethylene by this combined process at costs competitive with the catalytic oxidation of ethylene. 

Trorey, G.M. The effect of crown rust (Puccinia coronata lolii) on the yield and competitive ability of perennial ryegrass. PhD Thesis. Huddersfield, United Kingdom Huddersfield Polytechnic. 1979. 

Foremost in the analysis of the authors who deal with theoretical and quantum chemistry is the physical reductionism of chemistry seen from the perspectives of the chemists involved, and the competitive evolution of research schools in the various political systems of the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany at mid-century. In his introduction, Nikos Psarros from a philosoph-... 

Initially, public reluctance to consume a microbe-derived oil in preference to those from plant or animal sources was a considerable problem, contributing to the decline of Oil of Javanicus (the first commercially produced SCO) see Section 2.1.1. However, a mixture of more asmte marketing, rebranding of SCO as either fermented oils, designer oils, or even vegetarian oils when in competition with animal oils, and the improved public acceptance of microbial foods, as exemplified by the success of the mycoprotein (SCP) product, Quorn , in the United Kingdom and Europe, has helped establish PUFA-SCOs as acceptable products. 

Malaysia imports medicinal and pharmaceutical products worth in the region of 80 million a year. The United Kingdom s share of this market is approximately 14%, with competition from the United States, Germany and Switzerland. Malaysia also has a growing domestic pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, mostly wholly owned subsidiaries or joint venture partnerships with foreign manufacturers, mainly from then United Kingdom and the United States. 

As a result, the formal coordination within the European Union beyond the EU ETS Directive did not essentially influence the structure and the concrete rules of the German NAP. At the same time, the discussions in the other Member States played a role that should not be underestimated. Above all, information on the continuing discussions concerning the NAPs of the United Kingdom and the Netherlands was substantially important at a certain point. However, in spite of the very intensive debates at the various levels, the central points of the discussion in other states, like the allocation and the consideration of competition-related questions in the United Kingdom or the allocation on the basis of benchmarks in the Netherlands, did not find their way into the German NAP. Nevertheless, within the political debate focused on the individual rules of the NAP, different stakeholders always stressed examples from the discussions taking place in the other Member States. Policy by rumours constituted a facet of the... 

Assuming no major change in U.S. science policy or levels of financial support, chemistry in the United States will remain stronger than in any other single country for at least the next five years. However, there will be increasing competition, not only from our traditional competitors (Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom) but also from additional countries in the European Union (Spain and Italy, for example) and Asian countries... 

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