Unexploded munition

There still is a need for intensive research (Fig. 2.1) in the area of the latter aspect of new secondary explosives (and not only for those ) in terms of low toxicity and environmental impact. Conventional energetic materials (TNT, RDX), which are currently used by NATO armies for training purposes on their training grounds, have an extremely negative ecological impact, if they end up unwanted and uncontrolled in the environment as unexploded munition (UXOs = unexploded ord-... 

Military Firing Ranges/Proving grounds can be the location of buried or unexploded munitions or chemical weapons rounds. These munitions can be undocumented and are potentially very dangerous. 

The problem with underwater detonations of multiple munitions is that it may be difficult to know if all of the munitions have been destroyed because of water turbidity or a soft bottom into which unexploded munitions may have been driven. Also, there will be considerable water pollution if large-scale detonations take place. Finally, the shock waves will kill fish and other marine life. Mustard will polymerize in cold water if a shell is forced away from the heat of the blast before it opens. 

It is the District s opinion that the remediation efforts did not address all of the areas of concern reflected in the Historical Report and Range Rule and our own study, both with respect to the potential for contamination and the likelihood of more unexploded munitions on the site. This report details the basis for this conclusion. 

Following the liberation, the State of Kuwait undertook extensive explosive ordnance detonation (EOD) operations in which large quantities of unexploded munitions were destroyed through open burning (OB) or detonation in underground pits (OD). This resulted in the contamination of soils with nitroaromatics, nitrosamines. 

The fired but unexploded munition is placed in a chamber heated to between 300 and 500°C to provoke the initiation of its charge. This chamber is adjacent to an incinerator which is used to destroy the released agents. 

Explosive Ordnance Disposal The detection, identification, field evaluations, rendering safe, recovery, and final disposal of unexploded ordnance or munitions chemical agents. 

Source Generated as a waste from munitions and defense industries, leaching from unexploded land mines. 

The determination of explosives in soils has been mostly commonly associated with the detection of unexploded ordnance such as land mines (both anti-personnel and anti-tank). Chambers et al. [70] designed sampling subsystems for soil/vapor sampling. A probe was used to extract and concentrate vapors of explosives in the pore volume of soil in the vicinity of land mines with sub-part-per-biUion detection limits for TNT and related explosive munitions compounds [70]. As an... 

ITRC (Interstate Technology Regulatory Council). 2004. Geophysical Prove-Outs for Munitions Response Projects, November. Washington, D.C. Interstate Technology Regulatory Council Unexploded Ordnance Team. 

Environmental Restoration at a Munitions Production Site The problem is similar to that of contaminated media. It is unknown whether there may also be previously acceptable or unintentional disposal of unexploded ordnance at manufacturing sites as described in this book. 

After each detonation, the surrounding area is searched for unexploded materials. Lumps of explosive material and unfuzed munitions are returned to the detonation pit fuzed ordnance or munitions that may have damaged internal components are detonated in place. 

Over the span of history, military forces have trained and fought on this continent, resulting in millions of rounds of unexploded ordnance left on and in the land and under water. Live Civil War munitions found in Virginia adorn fireplace mantlepieces. live World War I chemical munitions are found in a subdivision in Washington, DC. live World... 

Undocumented burial of obsolete munitions was an accepted practice into the Vietnam period. Historically, after each of this country s major military conflicts, the installations built to accommodate training requirements were closed and the lands transferred to other Federal agencies, States, or the private sector. Today, subdivisions are built on top of abandoned military installations, and recreational activities take place on former maneuver areas and ranges. A growing population increases the opportunity for contact with munitions waste, especially unexploded ordnance and buried munitions. Contaminants in soil and water also present problems when they migrate offsite. 

Because of time constraints, the Military Munitions Waste Working Group has focused on unexploded ordnance and contaminated media with the understanding that remaining waste streams will be considered as time permits. 

As a result of wartime activities, dumping, and accidents, unexploded ordnance (UXO) is an additional source of explosive contaminants to sediments in marine [3] and freshwater environments [4] throughout the world. Field experiments using cleaved shells containing TNT demonstrated that leakage from breached munitions can serve as a source of sediment contamination [5],... 

Because the remediation efforts at Spring Valley did not address all of the areas of concern reflected in the Historical Report, serious questions remain over the adequacy of the search for unexploded ordnance as well as the survey for residual contamination from the toxic substances used in the research. There are five areas of research findings that bear on the issue of whether or not a potential for more buried chemical weapons munitions exists ... 

When World War I ended in 1918, over 16 million acres of France were cordoned off due to the danger of unexploded ordnance. Today, more than 80 years after the conflict, many chemical bombs and shells still remain scattered in the former No Mans Land in France, requiring special engineers— demineurs—to dig up and destroy countless munitions posing hazards to local inhabitants and farmers. Most of this ordnance contains high explosive, but some may also have remnants of CW agents such as mustard. 

This report focuses on nonincineration, alternative technologies for the treatment of liquid neutralents from the RRS and MMD the method by which the agent is accessed and separated from the mnnition or container is not considered. Solid waste streams from the RRS and MMD (e.g., carbon filters, metal parts, dnnnage) are not considered. The treatment of liqnid waste streams from the EDS, which have not been well characterized bnt will most likely contain both unexploded energetics and by-products from the explosives used to access the munitions, wiU be considered in a separate report. 

Many new laws, regulations, rules, and principles are being implemented to deal with the munitions threat. In September 2005, Congressman Earl Blumenauer, along with Congressmen Don Manzullo, Sam Farr, and Gary Miller, announced the formation of a bipartisan Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Caucus. 

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