Installations built

Experiments on the sky. Two experiments have been carried out at the sky, using two laser installations built for the American and French programmes for Uranium isotope separation, respectively AVLIS at the Lawrence Livermore Nat l Lab (California) in 1996 and SILVA at CEA/Pierrelatte (Southern France) in 1999. The average power was high pa 2 x 175 W, with a pulse repetition rate of 12.9 and 4.3 kHz, a pulse width of 40 ns and a spectral width of 1 and 3 GHz. Polarization was linear. The return flux was < 5 10 photons/m /s (Foy et al., 2000). Thus incoherent two-photon resonant absorption works, with a behavior consistent with models. But we do need lower powers at observatories ... 

These crematoria are entirely comparable in size, equipment, and manner of construction to other similar installations built in the Third Reich at that time, as well as with those built today.176 In this connec-... 

Outdoor installation Indoor installation Built-in-components... 

B WXII Delousing and Bath - in addition to a second stable with showerbath installation built in the meantime .14... 

Today all Danish dairies producing Feta cheese, with one exception, base their production on ultrafiltration. The largest of these installations, built in 1977, is today treating 300,000 metric tons milk daily. Investment in UF plants amounts to approx. 

Undocumented burial of obsolete munitions was an accepted practice into the Vietnam period. Historically, after each of this country s major military conflicts, the installations built to accommodate training requirements were closed and the lands transferred to other Federal agencies, States, or the private sector. Today, subdivisions are built on top of abandoned military installations, and recreational activities take place on former maneuver areas and ranges. A growing population increases the opportunity for contact with munitions waste, especially unexploded ordnance and buried munitions. Contaminants in soil and water also present problems when they migrate offsite. 

Very extensive laboratory work on all phases of the use of catalytic reduction to produce both aliphatic and aromatic amines has been reported in the literature. Studies have been carried out on many types of catalysts, catalyst supports, promoters and poisons, solvents, temperatures, pressures, and equipment. Considerable pilot-plant work and engineering studies have been undertaken and a number of commercial installations built for batch catalytic reduction and for continuous catalytic reduction. Commercial installations are now in operation for the catalytic reduction of nitro compounds and nitriles. 

There was no dispute about the destruction of installations built purely for the purposes of the war, which were dismantled under the supervision of an Allied military commission. The most important of these were the explosives plants built during the war at the Farbenfabriken Bayer. See Plumpe, op. cit. (2), p. 96. 

Furthermore, the model is valid only for hard and moderately strong rock. For installations built into weak rock, distances should be increased by approximately 15%. As a conservative assumption, chambers/installations are assumed to be unvented. 

The highest pressure capacities of press installations built are about 12,000 tons with piercing powers up to about 3,000 tons (see Fig. 118). 

The most important commercial use of ethane and propane is in the production of ethylene (qv) by way of high temperature (ca 1000 K) thermal cracking. In the United States, ca 60% of the ethylene is produced by thermal cracking of ethane or ethane/propane mixtures. Large ethylene plants have been built in Saudi Arabia, Iran, and England based on ethane recovery from natural gas in these locations. Ethane cracking units have been installed in AustraHa, Qatar, Romania, and Erance, among others. 

Another reactor that was approved for development was a land-based prototype submarine propulsion reactor. Westinghouse Electric Corp. designed this pressurized water reactor, using data collected by Argonne. Built at NRTS, the reactor used enriched uranium, the metal fuel in the form of plates. A similar reactor was installed in the submarine l autilus. 

Residue Disposal. The major environmental problem in the Bayer process is disposal of bauxite residue which is effected by marine disposal, lagooning, use of underdrain lakes, or semidry disposal. Marine disposal in oceans or rivers, diluting the alkaline residue by large quantities of water, is environmentally unacceptable. Lagooning behind retaining dikes built around clay-sealed ground is commonly used, but there have been isolated leaks into aquifers. This has motivated installation of underdrains between the residue and clay-sealed, plastic-lined, lake bottom. This design removes the hydraulic head from the lake bottom and improves consoHdation of the residue. 

The OLEFLEX process uses multiple side-by-side, radial flow, moving-bed reactors connected in series. The heat of reaction is suppHed by preheated feed and interstage heaters. The gas-phase reaction is carried out over a catalyst, platinum supported over alumina, under very near isothermal conditions. The first commercial installation of this technology, having an annual capacity of 100,000 t, was made in 1990 by the National Petrochemical Corporation in Thailand. A second unit, at 245,000 t capacity, has been built in South Korea by the ISU Chemical Company (70). 

Use of Liners. The use of impermeable liners and membranes, often called release prevention barriers (RPBs) under tanks, may be the most effective leak detection and prevention method. On new tanks, it is relatively easy to install these systems, and large numbers of tanks are being built with this type of system in the 1990s. For existing tanks, however, it would be very costiy if not impractical to install liners. For existing tanks, the combination of other methods as well as an effective inspection program can be more effective as a substitute for a release prevention barrier. 

Small refrigerators were developed by several companies and some were even installed in hotel rooms in Chicago. Borg-Wamer and other companies produced many compact systems for laboratory uses (23). Air-Industry in Erance built an air conditioning system for a passenger railway coach that was stiH in daily use after 10 years of operations without a single thermoelectric failure (24). 

Ionics Incorporated (Watertown, Massachusetts), the leading ED suppHer, has sold more than 2000 ED and EDR plants having a combined capacity of probably more than 600,000 mr / d. These were originally furnished with probably more than 1.2 x 10 of membrane. More than 2000 other ED and EDR plants have been built and installed in China. These plants have a combined capacity of more than 600,000 mr / d and were originally furnished with probably more than 1.2 x 10 of membrane. Also it is estimated that more than 1000 ED and EDR plants have been built and installed in the CIS. These plants have a combined capacity of probably more than 300,000 m /d, probably originally furnished with more than 600,000 m of membrane. Roughly 100 plants have been installed by other companies such as Corning Erance (formerly S.R.T.I.) and Portals Water Treatment Ltd. (formerly Permutit-Boby). 

Contrac tors bids offer the most rehable information on cost. Order-of-magnitude costs, however, may be required for preliminary studies. One way of estimating them is to obtain cost information from similar facihties and scale it to the proposed installation. Costs of steel storage tanks and vessels have been found to vaiy approximately as the 0.6 to 0.7 power of their weight [see Happel, Chemical Process Economics, Wiley, 1958, p. 267 also Williams, Chem. Eng., 54(12), 124 (1947)]. AU estimates cased on the costs of existing eqiiipment must be corrected for changes in the price index from the date when the equipment was built. Considerable uncertainty is involved in adjusting data more than a few years old. 

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