Underway data

Discrete Data. The underway data were calibrated with discrete samples drawn from the flow about every 15 min. On occasion, especially in sharp frontal regions, calibration samples were drawn more frequently. A detailed description of each calibration procedure is given here. 

Figure 6. Typical cross-shelf space-time series of underway data. Line E is from the southern region Line 4 is from the northern region.

Not all trends are linear. The nature of the trend is determined by the data itself. Nonlinear trends can be important and frequently are more difficult to remove from the data. For example, second- and fifth-order polynomials were used previously (5i) to remove nonlinear trends in radiomet-rically sensed sea surface temperature data. Nonlinear trend removal, however, was not used in this study because the linear trend analysis proved adequate. A method suitable for the removal of nonlinear trends from underway data can be found in Reference 47. 

Soil. The first reported field trial of the use of hyperaccumulating plants to remove metals from a soil contaminated by sludge appHcations has been reported (103). The results were positive, but the rates of metal uptake suggest a time scale of decades for complete cleanup. Trials with higher biomass plants, such as B.juncea, are underway at several chromium and lead contaminated sites (88), but data are not yet available. 

All the PMBs are Hsted on the U.S. EPA s Toxic Substances Control Act NonConfidential Chemical Substances Inventory (Table 8). In the early to mid-1980s, pseudocumene, mesitylene, hemimellitene, and trimethylbenzene were coveted by TSCA Section 8(a) Preliminary Assessment Information Rule (PAIR) reporting requirements (22) and by TSCA Section 8(d) for health and safety data (23). Mesitylene is the subject of a test rule subacute oral toxicity and subchtonic oral toxicity in tats were underway in 1994 (24). The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) allows monitoring for pseudocumene and mesitylene at the discretion of the State (25). Of the PMBs, only pseudocumene is subject to SARA Tide III section 313 annual release reporting (26). 

Munition Plant Modernization Program. Both the US Army and the Navy have extensive plant modernization and pollution abatement programs planned and underway, and the waste-water picture is changing rapidly. So rapidly, in fact, that field data are out of date by the time they can be put into a report. Perhaps the best way to present the story is to force-fit all information into one of three time eras ... 

They are centered on the elements manganese, cerium, and plutonium. There is much theoretical work underway on all of these elements. The only inadequacy in the experimental side is that there remains a tremendous shortage of even fundamental data on plutonium metallic compounds. The reasons for the shortage are known to all plutonium scientists, but there is also no doubt that there is still a lot of science to be done. 

The development of nucleic acid-based therapeutics is not as straightforward as researchers had initially anticipated. Stability, toxicity, specificity, and delivery of the compounds continue to be challenging issues that need further optimization. In recent years, researchers have come up with intricate solutions that have greatly improved the efficacy of potential antisense, ribozyme, as well as RNAi-based therapeutics. Clinical trials for all these types of nucleic acid-based therapeutics are underway. So far, data from several trials and studies in animal models look promising, in particular, the therapies that trigger the RNAi pathway. However, history has shown that compounds that do well in phase I or phase II clinical trials may still fail in phase III. A striking example is the nonspecific suppression of angiogenesis by siRNA via toII-Iike receptor 3 (Kleinman et al. 2008). It will become clear in the near future which compounds will make it as a new class of antiviral therapeutics. 

As with all statistical techniques the accuracy of any inference will improve with more data. Experiments are underway which will provide extensive data on several parameters for several coating types. These experiments will include both accelerated and outdoor exposure data. 

Although the results obtained have been useful in indicating the major atmospheric fate of UDMH and similar hydrazines, this study must be considered to be largely exploratory in nature. Additional work is required to obtain more quantitative data under a wider variety of reaction conditions in order to provide a firmer basis upon which to establish the assumed mechanism. Such studies are now underway in our laboratory. 

The aging data presented represent only the initial efforts to probe the time dependence observed in the TEOS-PTMO hybrid materials. Comprehensive studies are currently underway which will, it is hoped, provide the structural as well as mechanical data necessary to understand this phenomenon. 

Discussions are currently underway within the M. truncatula research community to establish a standardized set of controls to be included on arrays generated from all research programs. These experimental controls will increase the likelihood that data sets obtained from each program will be interchangeable. Standardized controls used in the Arabidopsis community are also being used. 

As emphasized above, two important workshops held in 2001 identified a number of data gaps and research needs to advance the state-of-the-science for assessing the potential for dit.161719 30 Moreover, participants in a 2003 roundtable discussion emphasized that a number of important research efforts are currently underway in the areas of DIT, examining immune system responses following developmental exposures to known immunotoxicants.38... 

The only in vitro studies fully validated and included in the EU test methods (a.2) are for skin corrosivity and phototoxicity, but efforts are underway to speed up validation for other endpoints. An original aim was that there would be no animal studies for the basic level of registration, but as there is currently no suitable in vitro test for skin sensitisation, the mouse local lymph node assay is included in Annex V of the Regulation (Table 9). The in vitro tests for skin and eye irritation are not fully validated, so as a compromise they are accepted for registration at up to 10 tonnes per annum (i.e., they are in Annex V), but if the results are negative they have to be confirmed by a standard animal test at 10 tonnes per annum (i.e., the Annex VI data, as shown in Table 10). 

By employing modem physical methods and quantum-chemical calculations, a significant body of data concerning the structure and reactivity of organic cationic complexes has been accumulated during the past decade and further studies on this dynamic area of organic chemistry are currently underway in our laboratoiy. 

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