U.S. areas

Land Type U.S. Area lO m Erosion Rate tons km yr World Area 10 km Erosion Rate tons km yr... 

Each line manager, whether president of the U. S. Area or superintendent of a Chlor-Alkali plant in Brazil, adapts these corporate guidelines appropriately for his or her responsibility. Corporate programs and procedures do not relieve line management of responsibility, but help line management meet it. 

FIGURE 2.2 Required area and percent of U.S. area vs projected gas demand supplied in 2010. 

The tabulated air lead figures for U.S. areas were approximated globally, especially in major cities outside the United States. In a number of cases, cities outside the United States presented figures greater than those in the United States for the period 1975—1984. This difference arose in some significant part from the relatively slower speed of change in lead content of gasoline for non-U.S. vehicular fleets and other lead uses. 

TABLE 10.1 Mean PbB Levels in Urban and Rural U.S. Areas in I960 ... 

Dumm, the hardest of all U.S. wheats, provides semolina for spaghetti, macaroni, and other pasta products. This spring-seeded wheat is grown primarily in the same northern areas as hard red spring, but small winter sown quantities are also grown in Arizona and California. Dumm represents about 5% percent of total U.S. wheat exports. Subclasses are hard amber dumm, amber dumm, and dumm. 

Varietal labeling is an important quaUty factor in the United States, and indirectly elsewhere because only certain specific varieties are planted in each prestigious foreign area. U.S. law currently requires that 75% of the wine must come from the V. vinifera variety named on the label. Concord-type varieties only require 51%, owing to their intense, distinctive flavor. If more than one variety is named, the relative amounts must total 100%. 

Insulation Boa.rd. The panel products known as insulation board were the earliest commodity products made from fibers or particles in the composite panel area. These are fiber-base products with a density less than 500 kg/m. Early U.S. patents were obtained in 1915 and production began soon thereafter. The initial production used wood fiber as a raw material, but later products were made of recycled paper, bagasse (sugar cane residue), and straw. Schematics of the two major processes still ia use are shown ia Figure 4. 

Care ought to be taken in handling acetic acid to avoid spillage or otherwise breathing vapors. Wash any exposed areas with large amounts of water. Once the odor of acetic acid vapors is noticeable, the area should be abandoned immediately. The U.S. threshold limit value for acetic acid is 10 ppm (25 mg/m ). Similar values prevail in Germany (75). 

Emissions of CO in the United States peaked in the late 1960s, but have decreased consistendy since that time as transportation sector emissions significandy decreased. Between 1968 and 1983, CO emissions from new passenger cars were reduced by 96% (see Exhaust CONTUOL, automotive). This has been partially offset by an increase in the number of vehicle-miles traveled annually. Even so, there has been a steady decline in the CO concentrations across the United States and the decline is expected to continue until the late 1990s without the implementation of any additional emissions-reduction measures. In 1989, there were still 41 U.S. urban areas that exceeded the CO NAAQS on one or mote days per year, but the number of exceedances declined by about 80% from 1980 to 1989. Over the same time period, nationwide CO emissions decreased 23%, and ambient concentrations declined by 25% (4). 

There has been considerable improvement, especially in industrial areas, in U.S. air quaUty since the adoption of the Clean Air Act of 1972. Appreciable reductions in particulate emissions and in SO2 levels ate especially evident. In 1990, however, almost every metropoUtan area was in nonattainment status on o2one air quaUty standards 50 metropoUtan areas exceeded the CO standard and between 50 and 100 exceeded the PM q standard for particulate level (29). 

Increases in U.S. demand for caustic soda have been unpredictably high in the last few years. Between 1987 and 1989, the annual increase in demand was about 3% (6). However, the caustic soda market is mature and new areas of significant growth have not surfaced in recent years. The unexpected recent demand is generally related to two factors the pick-up in the U.S. economy after the slump of 1986 and pulp mills operating at fiiU capacity, leading to less efficient caustic use. 

Information regarding U.S. production of oleoresins is not available. It is estimated that there is a decline in domestic production of oleoresins of those spices imported in large volume, such as black pepper, capsicums of all types, and turmeric, since these oleoresins are more frequendy produced in the growing areas. However, the manufacture of specialty oleoresins produced from selected imports will continue, and oleoresin production from domestically grown spices is expected to increase (7,8). 

The ores of most importance are fluorspar, CaF2 fluorapatite, Ca (P0 2Fj cryoHte [15096-52-3], Na AlF. Fluorspar is the primary commercial source of fluoiine. Twenty-six percent of the world s high quaHty deposits of fluorspar are ia North America. Most of that is ia Mexico. United States production ia 1987—1991 was 314,500 metric tons, most of which occurred ia the Illinois-Kentucky area. Imported fluorspar ia 1990—1991 represented about 82% of U.S. consumption 31% of U.S. fluorspar imports were from Mexico and 29% from China compared to 66% from Mexico ia the 1973—1978 period. The majority of the fluorine ia the earth s cmst is ia phosphate rock ia the form of fluorapatite which has an average fluorine concentration of 3.5%. Recovery of these fluorine values as by-product fluorosiHcic acid from phosphate production has grown steadily, partially because of environmental requirements (see Phosphoric acid and THE phosphates). 

Not considering the former USSR, world production of iodine was ca 13,500 metric tons in 1992. Japan provided about 45% of the world total, compared to 44% from Chile and 11% from the United States. An annual output of 2300 t from 1976 to 1979 was estimated by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (66) but was revised to 2000 tons in 1981. No official data are available for the former USSR where iodine production is reported to be produced from iodine—bromine brines. Two areas have been mentioned the Neftechalinki field in the Slavianski-Triotskoe area near the Black Sea, and a plant in the Baku area in Azerbaidzhan on the Caspian Sea where ca 1400 metric tons was estimated for 1990 production. 

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