Types of Performance Measured

Performance measures are quantitative and qualitative and a mandatory quantitative measure for all OSPs is that the workplace injury and illness rates evaluation criteria is recommended. They also list some of the measurable criteria under the OSP agreement  

These pioneering auditing systems are both systematic and thorough in their approach and accurately quantify the work being done to control loss while giving recognition for the safety effort. 

Years ago, safety pioneers saw the need for structured SMS that were risk based, management led, and audit driven. Based on sound management principles, they realized that safety must be measured if it was to be improved. This measurement had to gauge effort rather than experience in the form of injury rates alone. Modern systems do just that and form a sound basis for safety benchmarking internationally. 

This chapter discusses the following aspects of safety culture chauge  

Declaration of safety amnesty (no-blame culture) A safe space 

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The two major types of performance measures are 1) rate-based performance measures, which measure an event for which a certain proportion of the events are expected to occur even with quality care (such as mistimed prescription refills) and 2) sentinel-event performance measures, which measure a serious event that requires an indepth review for each occurrence of the event (such as a medication error).To provide meaningful information, performance measures must be... 

The insurance loss experience for an organization is closely related to its safety performance. An understanding of how insurance premiums are calculated and the type of impact accidents can have upon premiums can provide the safety manager with an additional method for measuring safety performance. Along with measures of lost workdays and recordable accidents, insurance industry measures should also be part of the safety performance measurement and improvement process. Examples of quantifiable insurance markers that are indicative of safety performance are loss ratios, experience modification rates, and expense ratios. These insurance industry measures are yet another type of performance measure available to the safety professional. 

When safety professionals first began using safety metrics, they routinely measured safety performance in terms of accidents and losses. However, over the years, as the safety profession has become more sophisticated, so also have the techniques used to measure its execution. A successful program should include combinations of various types of performance measures. As with any data collection, the safety professional must also keep in mind the validity and reliability of the performance measures. Only with accurate and consistent data can the proper conclusions be reached, and the necessary control strategies implemented. 

Once the mathematical problem has been formulated and solved, the numerical results should be compared to experimental results. In PEM fuel cell modeling, experimental data of the polarization curve are normally used for comparison reasons. The polarization curve is a measure of the performance of the PEM fuel cell. There are two types of performance measures, a full cell polarization curve and a half-cell polarization curve. In many cases, which is also the case in CO poisoning, mass transport is simulated in only half of the cell. One of the most widely used experimental datasets for CO poisoning was collected by Lee et al. [96]. In their study, they investigated the performance of the cell exposed to CO and studied the behavior of the performance depending on the electrode used. Baschuk and Li [21] compared their numerical results to the results from Lee et al. [96]. The comparison is shown in Figure 7.7 and Figure 7.8. 

Instrumental color measurements eliminate subjectivity, are more precise, take less time, and are simpler to perform. However, to evaluate instrumental results properly, the physics of the measurement processes must be considered. Three types of color measurement instruments are used for food the monochromatic colorimeter, the tristimulus colorimeter, and the colorimetric spectrophotometer. 

Having chosen the test mixture and mobile diase composition, the chromatogram is run, usually at a fairly fast chart speed to reduce errors associated with the measurement of peak widths, etc.. Figure 4.10. The parameters calculated from the chromatogram are the retention volume and capacity factor of each component, the plate count for the unretained peak and at least one of the retained peaks, the peak asymmetry factor for each component, and the separation factor for at least one pair of solutes. The pressure drop for the column at the optimum test flow rate should also be noted. This data is then used to determine two types of performance criteria. These are kinetic parameters, which indicate how well the column is physically packed, and thermodynamic parameters, which indicate whether the column packing material meets the manufacturer s specifications. Examples of such thermodynamic parameters are whether the percentage oi bonded... 

Rheological Measurements Three types of rheological measurements have been carried out. In the first type, transient (creep) measurements were performed on a 20% w/w dispersion of latex A, as a function of coverage by PVA. These experiments were carried out using a "Deer" rheometer (PDR 81, Integrated Petronic Systems, London) fitted with a stainless steel concentric cylinder. The procedures used have been described in detail before (21,22). 

Two different types of odor measurements can be performed, either analytical measurements or sensory measurements (cf. Section 7.1.4). Sensory measurements are either performed by the human nose or electronic detectors and, therefore, relate to the effects of the odor (Sneath and Clarkson, 2000 Stuetz et... 

CRMs allow the user to link his results with those of internationally recognised standards, i.e. they enable the user to verify his performance at any desired moment in terms of accuracy. CRMs can be pure substances or solutions to be used for calibration and/or identification, materials of a known matrix composition for the calibration of a certain type of comparative measuring instruments, matrix RMs representing as far as possible the matrix being analysed by the user (with a certified content), or methodologically defined RMs (certified following a very strict analytical protocol), e.g. a standard (Quevauviller et al., 1995a). 

The heart of the pilot plant study normally involves varying the speed over two or three steps with a given impeller diameter. The analysis is done on a chart, shown in Fig. 36. The process result is plotted on a log-log curve as a function of the power applied by the impeller. This, of course, implies that a quantitative process result is available, such as a process yield, a mass transfer absorption rate, or some other type of quantitative measure. The slope of the line reveals much information about likely controlling factors. A relatively high slope (0.5-0.8) is most likely caused by a controlling gas-liquid mass transfer step. A slope of 0, is usually caused by a chemical reaction, and a further increase of power is not reflected in the process improvement. Point A indicates where blend time has been satisfied, and further reductions of blend time do not improve the process performance. Intermediate slopes on the order of 0.1-0.4, do not indicate exactly which mechanism is the major one. Possibilities are shear rate factors, blend time requirements, or other types of possibilities. 

The choice of representation, of similarity measure and of selection method are not independent of each other. For example, some types of similarity measure (specifically the association coefficients as exemplified by the well-known Tanimoto coefficient) seem better suited than others (such as Euclidean distance) to the processing of fingerprint data [12]. Again, the partition-based methods for compound selection that are discussed below can only be used with low-dimensionality representations, thus precluding the use of fingerprint representations (unless some drastic form of dimensionality reduction is performed, as advocated by Agrafiotis [13]). Thus, while this chapter focuses upon selection methods, the reader should keep in mind the representations and the similarity measures that are being used recent, extended reviews of these two important components of diversity analysis are provided by Brown [14] and by Willett et al. [15]. 

A dilution procedure typically involves two types of glassware a pipet and a volumetric flask. A pipet is a device for accurately measuring and transferring a given volume of solution. There are two common types of pipets measuring pipets and volumetric pipets, as shown in Fig. 4.10. Measuring pipets are used to measure out volumes for which a volumetric pipet is not available. For example, we would use a measuring pipet as shown in Fig. 4.11 to deliver 28.6 milliliters of 17.5 M acetic acid into a 500-milliliter volumetric flask and then add water to the mark to perform the dilution described above. 

The A A analyses shown in Table I were of samples from the uppermost sections of all seven cores, from the lowest section within Core 4, and from each quadrant of Cores 1 and 7. Table II summarizes the elemental analysis performed with the high-energy XRF system. The samples were identical to those for A A analysis except for their preparation. Comparison of Tables II and III indicates a very good agreement between the two analytical systems. Variations in composition from one station to another were exhibited by both systems for some of the major elements. In addition to the close agreement between the more common elements Fe, Mn, and Ti, very good agreement was found between the trace elements. These results confirmed the applicability and accuracy of both analytical systems for this type of sample measurement. 

The different types of field measurement systems are summarized in Figure 1.3.1 (Greenwood et al., 2007a). They are all performed directly in the field. On-line and in-field systems (portable or transportable equipment, chemical tests kits and immunoassays tests kits) require a sampling step (spot sampling, sampling belt). Some... 

Maintenance of independence and prevention of disability are primary goals in the clinical care of persons 65 years of age or older. To achieve these goals, it is necessary that aU health care professionals understand the concept of functional status. Functional status is a proxy measure of a patient s ability to live independently and can be determined in part by inquiring about an elderly person s ability to perform specific tasks. As mentioned previously, there are two types of functional measurements ADLs and the more complex LADLs. d However, to assess functional status fuUy, the patient s psychological state, financial resources, physical function, and social circumstances must be considered as weU. ... 

When the nature of the material s crystalhne phases is known, the volume of each of the phases present can be determined. We saw in Chapter 1 that the integrated intensity of each peak in a given phase is directly proportional to the volume of the phase. Therefore, quantitative phase analysis is performed from the very precise measurement of these integrated intensities. Quantitative phase analysis should not be confused, of course, with the quantitative chemical analysis which is used to determine the amount of each element present in a sample. The first quantitative phase analysis by X-ray diffraction was conducted in 1925 on a ceramic material, in order to determine the amount of mullite in burned clays [NAV 25]. Despite the fact that this type of quantitative measurement has existed for 80 years, these analyses remain very difficult to conduct [BIS 89, TOR 99a, TOR 99b] and require experimental precautions which we will now discuss. However, we should point out that X-ray diffraction is virtually the only method available for quantitative phase analysis. ... 

In practice no less than principle, the performance of a typical matrix-isolation experiment is quite simple. As illustrated in Fig. 8, a gas mixture is deposited under controlled, high-vacuum conditions on a cold surface the nature of which is dictated by the type of spectroscopic measurement to be made on the sample (51-53). The species of interest may be formed in the gas phase (by pyrolysis or in a discharge) and then quenched rapidly with an excess of the matrix gas sometimes it is formed during the cocondensation of two reagents commonly it is generated in situ, usually by irradiation of an appropriate matrix-isolated precursor. 

For certain types of trial measurement is by titration. For example, in angina a patient may be asked to perform an exercise until a given degree of pain is experienced. In asthma it may be established at what dose of a metacholine challenge a 20% drop in FEVi is induced. There are many other examples of such measures. 

Process definition ISO 9000 type of quality management. Ensuring effectiveness and efficiency of processes by use of performance measures... 

There are four types of work measurement techniques time study, predetermined time standards (PTS), standard data, and work sampling. AH of these techniques are based on facts and consider each detail of work. The first three techniques measure the normal time required to perform the entire work cycle. Work sampling measures the proportion of time of various work activities that constitute a job. Table 1 describes these techniques and where each is appropriately used. Table 2 provides a further comparison among work measurement techniques in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. 

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