Types of injury

Year Falls All employee fatalities Falls as % of all fatalities 

In 1998/99 the percentage of falls in the non-fatal major Injury category was 37%, with an additional 21% as falls from the same level (slips, trips and falls) 35% of report-able, over-3-day injuries in the industry were due to 

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Soft Tissue Injuries. Some of the more common soft tissue injuries are sprains, strains, contusions, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress injuries, caused by damaged tendons, muscles, and ligaments. A sprain is a soft tissue injury to the ligaments. Certain sprains are often associated with small fractures. This type of injury is normally associated with a localized trauma event. The severity of the sprain depends on how much of the ligament is torn and to what extent the ligament is detached from the bone. The areas of the human body that are most vulnerable to sprains are ankles, knees, and wrists. 

The biological response to chemical insult may take numerous forms, depending on the physicochemical properties of the material and the conditions of exposure. Listed below are some of the more significant and frequendy encountered types of injury or toxic response they may be defined in terms of tissue pathology, altered or aberrant biochemical processes, or extreme physiological responses. 

Carbon tetrachloride is toxic by inhalation of its vapor and oral intake of the Hquid. Inhalation of the vapor constitutes the principal ha2ard. Exposure to excessive levels of vapor is characterized by two types of response an anesthetic effect similar to that caused by compounds such as diethyl ether and chloroform and organic injury to the tissues of certain organs, in particular the Hver and kidneys. This type of injury may not become evident until 1—10 days after exposure. The nature of the effect is deterrnined largely by the vapor concentration but the extent or severity of the effect is deterrnined principaHy by the duration of exposure (38). 

The nonvisual or subtle effects of air pollutants involve reduced plant growth and alteration of physiological and biochemical processes, as well as changes in the reproductive cycle. Reduction in crop yield can occur without the presence of visible symptoms. This type of injury is often related to low-level, long-term chronic exposure to air pollution. Studies have shown that field plantings exposed to filtered and unfiltered ambient air have produced different yields when no visible symptoms were present (5). Reduction in total biomass can lead to economic loss for forage crops or hay. 

Tlie reader should also note that tlie risk to people can be defined in terms of injury or fatality. The use of injuries as a basis of risk evaluation may be less disturbing tlian tlie use of fatalities. However, tliis introduces problems associated with degree of injury and comparability between different types of injuries. Further complications am arise in a risk assessment when dealing witli multiple hazards. For example, how are second-degree bums, fragment injuries, and injuries due to toxic gas e.xposure combined Even where only one type of effect (e.g., tlueshold to.xic exposure) is being evaluated, different durations of e.xposure can markedly affect tlie severity of injury. 

Descr be outcome (e.g.. death, type of injury, adverse reaction] ... 

Horvath C, Welt FG, Nedelman M, Rao P, Rogers C. Targeting CCR2 or CD18 inhibits experimental in-stent restenosis in primates inhibitory potential depends on type of injury and leukocytes targeted. Circ Res 2002 90(4) 488 494. 

Personnel present during leaks, fires, or explosions of hydrogen mixtures with air can incur several types of injury. Asphyxiation may occur when entering a region where hydrogen or another nontoxic gas has displaced the air, lowering the oxygen concentration below 19.5% by volume. 

First, chemicals come into intimate contact with the fluids, tissues, and cells that make up these three passages into the body. This contact may or may not result in some type of injury to tissues and cells if some adverse response occurs in the tissues comprising these entryways, it is referred to as local toxicity. 

Toxicologists classify hepatic toxicants according to the type of injuries they produce. Some cause accumulation of excessive and potentially dangerous amounts of lipids (fats). Others can kill liver cells they cause cell necrosis. Cholestasis, which is decreased secretion of bile leading to jaundice (accumulation of gruesome looking pigments that impart a yellowish color to the skin and eyes) can be... 

Substances such as promoters that interfere with cell-to-cell communication allow cancer cells to proliferate wildly. But cell proliferation can be induced by other means as well. Toxicity or other types of injury to tissues can result in a proliferative response. So can certain natural and synthetic hormones, such as estrogens, cause proliferation of certain tissues, such as the breast. Chronic viral infections may cause cell killing and its consequence is cell proliferation. It appears that sustained chronic proliferation induced in any of these ways, either by agents foreign to the body or some, such as the estrogens, that are natural to it, can increase tumor growth. 

Familiarizing local hospitals with the hazards of the plant s waste and the types of injuries that could result from any accidents ... 

The mechanisms underlying some of these types of injury will be discussed in general terms below and in chapter 7. 

PPO catalyses the dependent oxidation of phenolics to quinones. The secondary reactions of quinones lead to the formation of polymeric brown or black pigments, which are responsible for significant post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables [72]. Finally, induced PPO activity consists of both systemic and localized components. Systemic induction of PPO in tissues in response to all types of injuries may represent a broad, defensive role for PPO in protection of juvenile tissues from subsequent attack by a broad spectrum of pathogens and pests [71]. 

The types of injury to the liver depend on the type of toxic agent, the severity of intoxication, and the type of exposure, whether acute or chronic. The main types of liver damage are discussed briefly in this section. Whereas some types of damage—for example, cholestasis—are liver specific, others such as necrosis and carcinogenesis are more general phenomena. 

Time-course analysis in a rabbit iliac artery model disclosed <20% stent re-endothelialization at four days, <40% at seven days, and near-complete endothelialization at 28 days following stent implantation (18). The re-endothelialization process has been studied in several other animal models using different types of injuries with very controversial results, suggesting, in part, a diversity in the response and capacity of vascular healing. 

Fig. 4.1. Frequency maps of two types of ischemic damage complete infarction (left) and scattered neuronal injury (right). Histology was obtained 24 h after left MCA occlusion in rats. Total number of animals was 9. Pseudocolor representation denotes the number of animals that showed the respective type of injury at this pixel. Note the widespread distribution of incomplete infarction over the affected left hemisphere. [Adapted from Alexis et al. (1996)]...

Four major and five minor clinical patterns of acute phencyclidine intoxication have been described in 1000 patients (7). Major patterns were acute brain syndrome (24.8%), toxic psychosis (16.6%), catatonic syndrome (11.7%), and coma (10.6%). Minor patterns included lethargy or stupor (3.8%) and combinations of bizarre behavior, violence, agitation, and euphoria in patients who were alert and oriented (32.5%). Patients with major patterns of toxicity usually required hospitalization and had most of the complications. Patients with minor patterns generally had mild intoxication and did not require hospitalization, except for treatment of injuries or autonomic effects of phencyclidine. There were various types of injuries in 16%, and aspiration pneumonia in 1.0%. There were 22 cases of rhabdomyolysis (2.2%), and three patients required dialysis for renal insufficiency. One patient who had been comatose died suddenly with a pulmonary embolism. 

Dose dependent Fredictable Latency Type of injury and clinical features Examples... 

Hospitals and other health care facilities may further classify disasters as either internal or external. External disasters are those that do not affect the hospital infrastructure but do tax hospital resources due to numbers of patients or types of injuries (Cans, 2001). For example, a tornado that produced numerous injuries and deaths in a community would be considered an external disaster. Internal disasters cause disruption of normal hospital function due to injuries or deaths of hospital personnel or damage to the physical plant, as with a hospital fire, power failure, or chemical spill (Aghababian, Lewis, Cans, Curley, 1994). Unfortunately, one type of hospital disaster does not necessarily preclude the other, and features of both internal and external disasters may be present if a natural phenomenon affects both the community and the hospital. This was the case with Hurricane Andrew (1992), which caused significant destruction in hospitals, in clinics, and in the surrounding community when it struck south Florida (Sabatino, 1992), and Hurricane Katrina (2005) when it impacted the Gulf Coast, rupturing the levee in New Orleans (Berggren, 2005). 

Obtain Hospital Casualty/Fatality Report (HICS Form 259) from the Public Information Officer and Planning Section Chief and report to appropriate authorities the following minimum data Number of casualties received and types of injuries treated. Current patient capacity (census) Number of patients hospitalized, discharged home, or transferred to other facilitie Number dead. Individual casualty data name or ph reical description, sex, age, address, seriousness of injury or condition. ... 

Idenfify fhe types of injuries resulting from explosions and blasts. 

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