Types of Data Acquired

These steps are affected by the nature of the corrosion process, the types of data acquired, the analytical resources available, the statistical treatments to be applied, and the outcomes sought. Preliminary or early data can help determine whether the fifth step, modification of the test design, wiU be needed. 

In practice, there are several types of data acquired from such an analysis. The first group is a single parameter measurement at standardized points defined by concentration or time, which are used to compare coals and classify them. This is useful if a broad database already exists and the new sample can be graded with reference to known reactivity behavior from plant operation. 

Multi-channel data provide the best picture of the relationship between measurement points on a machine-train. Data are acquired simultaneously from all measurement points on the machine-train. With this type of data, the analyst can establish the relationship between machine dynamics and vibration profile of the entire machine. 

Accuracy of data The microprocessor should be capable of automatically acquiring accurate, repeatable data from equipment included in the program. The elimination of user input on filter settings, bandwidths and other measurement parameters would greatly improve the accuracy of acquired data. The specific requirements that determine data accuracy will vary depending on the type of data. For example, a vibration instrument should be able to average... 

Additionally, with the inclusion of computers as part of an instrument, mathematical manipulation of data was possible. Not only could retention times be recorded automatically in chromatograms but areas under curves could also be calculated and data deconvoluted. In addition, computers made the development of Fourier transform instrumentation, of all kinds, practical. This type of instrument acquires data in one pass of the sample beam. The data are in what is termed the time domain, and application of the Fourier transform mathematical operation converts this data into the frequency domain, producing a frequency spectrum. The value of this methodology is that because it is rapid, multiple scans can be added together to reduce noise and interference, and the data are in a form that can easily be added to reports. 

Because of the nature of the samples involved in this study, special, preferably nondestructive analytical procedures must be used. In addition most museums will not permit, or at least find it difficult to arrange for, the transfer of a coin or art object to an outside laboratory. Further, the types of data to be acquired will generally be significant only if a statistically large number of samples is analyzed. These problems are all quite different from those normally encountered in analytical chemistry and thus restrict in some cases the accuracy and precision of the data. 

Can the required data be acquired Can the desired areas of interest (appropriate interface or corrosion area) be identified for analysis Is data acquisition fast enough to generate desired data in reasonable time for allowable cost Can contamination mask the desired signals Is the appropriate type of data being taken ... 

Key Experiments. Solution-state NMR is an extremely versatile tool for understanding the structure and reactivity of NOM. There are literally hundreds, arguably thousands of potential solution-state NMR experiments that can be applied to NOM, and limitless opportunities to devise novel experimental approaches. However, there are a handful of key experiments that provide the most amount of information in the shortest amount of time. Here we will refer to these as the Top 10 which are listed in Table 15.1. Figure 15.1 highlights the main classes of 2D experiments and how information can be extracted from their data sets. Simpson (2001) provides an in-depth overview as to the optimized parameters used for acquiring and processing these types of data sets (Simpson, 2001). Applications of solution-state NMR to the study of various forms of NOM will be covered in Section 15.3. 

DFTs involve transformation between two types of data. In FT-NMR the raw data are acquired at regular intervals in time, often called the time domain, or more specifically... 

The concept of extrapolation from experimental data on environmental effects to field situations is via a predicted no effect concentration , based on the no-effect concentrations seen in tests conducted in single species. Other data are aimed at indicating biodegradability and bioconcentration potential. Ideally, field data and actual no effect concentrations are more useful, but, because of the difficulties and expense in conducting such studies, this type of data tends to be acquired only in specific circumstances. 

This chapter describes and discusses the measures of instrument performance, the types of information that can be acquired, and the methodologies and strategies available. The discussions are with respect to both the multiple types of instruments manufactured and the various classes of compounds that can be analyzed. The range of compounds makes defining the types of data that can be obtained somewhat problematic. Therefore, small molecules are dealt with in Sections 3.2 and 3.3, while biopolymers are covered in Section 3.5, although the differentiation is somewhat artificial. For instance, the determination of accurate mass data described in Section 3.1.3 is relevant to both small molecules and the analysis of the peptides derived from proteins. 

System Safety Data. Specify the types of data that are required to support the effort, including sources of the data and information needed to acquire or access the data. Outline specific data generation and reporting requirements. 

The LabVlEW program provides a graphical environment tor data acquisition from a variety of instruments, tor many different types of data analysis, and for sophisticated data presentatUm. The data-acquisition section of LabVlEW works in conjunction with the National Instruments Data Acquisition boards. Data can be acquired from plug-in boards, from USB det ices. and from Ethernet-based systems. LabVlEW allows the user to set up virtual instruments with from panels... 

Whilst not well documented, macrolide resistance can also develop during therapy. Lindow and colleagues recently described the first documented evidence of in vivo acquired macrolide resistance in a person infected with C. jejuni, however, it must be emphasised that this was in a controlled human infection as opposed to a natural infection." There are many reasons why this type of data must be viewed with caution, indeed surveillance data shows us that macrolide resistance in C. jejuni in man is not an issue, suggesting that there are many barriers to resistance development in natural infections. 

The first system called LiSSA has been developed for interpretation of data from eddy-current inspection of heat exchangers. The data that has to be interpreted consists of a complex impedance signal which can be absolute and/or differential and may be acquired in several frequencies. The interpretation of data is done on the basis of the plot of the signal in the impedance plane the type of defect and/or construction is inferred from the signal shape, the depth from the phase, and the volume is roughly proportional to the signal amplitude. 

The main differences between the commercial types of PAEK arise largely from the differences in the T. Whilst the higher may lead to a higher heat deformation temperature, there is also a corresponding higher processing temperature required and this can have an adverse effect on the thermal stability. Some typical properties are given in Table 21.6 but it should be pointed out that the data have been acquired from different sources and are therefore not closely comparable. 

Acceleration is perhaps the best method of determining the force resulting from machine vibration. Accelerometers use piezoelectric crystals or films to convert mechanical energy into electrical signals and Figure 43.23 is a schematic of such a device. Data acquired with this type of transducer are relative... 

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