Typefaces

Phototypesetting represented an easier way to compose type. Eady phototypesetters used an optical process, whereby a disk of characters, ia different sizes and typefaces, was spun under computer control. Each character was projected ia turn onto photosensitive film or paper. This was followed by systems where characters drawn on a cathode ray tube (CRT) exposed the photosensitive material. In each case, the operator iateracted with the system at a video screen that only showed the characters of the text (the iaformation content) and codes that iadicated how the characters were to look on paper. An experienced operator was required to obtain high quaUty results. 

In the reaction sections of this book, we shall give lUPAC names for most transformations (these names will be printed in the same typeface used above), including examples of all eight types. As will become apparent, some transformations require more rules than we have given here. However, it is hoped that the simplicity of the system will also be apparent. 

Mark s gaze, too, is absorbed. Why Plantin, not an Old Style typeface ... 

References in the text to these general classes or groups of materials is always in small capitals to differentiate them from references to specific chemicals, the names of which are given in normal roman typeface. 

Numbers in italics in the columns headed Ref. refer to equations in the text used to estimate the values reported numbers in ordinary typeface refer to references to the source from which the values were taken. 

In this book, input scripts for running the various programs are set in a typewriter typeface. Unless a script is marked as a continuation of the previous script, you should start the program anew or type reset to clear your previous configuration. 

Notice how the abbreviation for each quantity, being a variable, is always italicized, whereas the abbreviation for the unit, which is not a variable, is printed with an upright typeface. None of these unit names starts with a capital. 

For ease of reference, the terms in each section, sub-section, etc. are listed alphabetically and numbered sequentially. Cross references to terms defined elsewhere in the document are denoted in italic typeface. If there are two terms in an entry on successive lines, the second is a synonym. 

Though there are many possibilities of the engineering alloys, let us consider three common alloys from different classes a steel, an aluminum alloy, and a titaninm alloy. The three alloys and their appropriate design properties are listed in Table 8.3. The values that are the most favorable in each category are listed in bold typeface. On the basis of Criterion 1, the best material is maraging steel, but from the viewpoints of Criteria 2 and 3 the titanium alloy is obviously superior. Cost is an additional factor that could influence the final selection. 

Why This kind of computation, using two different bases at once, can be confusing. We will use two typefaces to distinguish expressions in the standard basis from expressions in the new basis. Thus the new basis, written in the new basis, is ((1, 0), (0,1) )- Notice that our favorite rotation takes (1, 0), otherwise known as (2, 0), to the vector (0, 2), otherwise known as (0, 2). Similarly, the rotation takes (0, 1) to (-2, 0). Since the columns of any matrix are the images of the basis vectors under the linear transformation represented by the matrix, these calculations show that the matrix given above is correct. See Figure 2.5. 

This web site also contains an interactive powder pattern calculator that allows the user to change the input and variables for a powder pattern calculation. This book was typeset using UTj X with the standard computer modern typeface. The LT X file and associated postscript plots were generated with a C++ program written by M. M. J. Treacy. We wish to acknowledge the assistance and collaboration of the members of the IZA Structure Commission for proofreading the manuscript and providing additional information. We are indebted to our employers (Arizona State University, and Air Products Chemicals, Inc.) for support of this project, and to our wives Laura and Carol for their patience and support. 

Table 5.1.1 Asterosaponins identified in the total asterosaponin fraction obtained from MSPD ex-traction (see Figure 5.1.4). The molecular ions in bold typeface indicate compounds with identical molecular weights (isobars).

It was decided that a realistic appreciation of the stages in a design project, and the sequence of tasks that the student performs, would be obtained by including the descriptive notes in Times typeface between the case study material, which appears in sans serif typeface. This was in preference to presenting all the notes followed by the typical student design project. 

The presentation of some posters warrants improvement many contain far too much material in small typeface. Better instructions on the standards for posters in the form of a sample layout could be issued by the organizers. 

SI units and their symbols have distinctive type styles. Items given in italic type are variables, quantity symbols, superscripts and subscripts if they represent variables, quantities, or running numbers. Items given in roman type are unit symbols, superscripts, and subscripts that are descriptive. The typeface used in the surrounding text of the document does not change these rules. 

Special typefaces help the reader quickly distinguish certain letters, words, or phrases from the rest of the text. 

Names of restriction endonucleases should follow the typeface conventions of the names from which they were derived use italic type for the three-letter portion derived from the genus and species name use roman type for additional strain designators (letters and/or arabic numerals) and for the roman numeral identifiers. 

This chapter presents a quick reference guide for the use of typefaces (roman, italic, and bold), Greek letters, superscripts and subscripts, and special symbols that are commonly used in chemistry. Appendix 13-1 presents the symbols for commonly used physical quantities. 

The font (or typeface) is the style or design of the letters. There are literally hundreds of fonts, but plain, simple fonts such as Helvetica or Times Roman are best for scientific art. 

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