Two-chambered configuration

The principle of operation, basic design, and process characteristics for most common types of dryers with inert carriers are well described in easily accessible literature. These are the vibrated fluid bed dryer and the fluid bed dryer in its conventional and two-chamber configurations (Kudra and Mujumdar, 1995 Erdesz and Ormos, 1986), spouted bed dryer (Re and Freire, 1989), jet-spouted bed dryer (Markowski, 1992), pneumatic dryer (Blasco et al., 1996), rotary dryer (Limaverde et al., 2000), impinging stream dryer (Kudra and Mujumdar, 1989), dryer with a vertical inner conveyor screw (Pallai et al., 1995), etc. Therefore, here we present less common configurations that are interesting from research and applications points of view. 

The cell case is formed from an aluminum-polymer laminated film. The film is fusion bonded, the electrode stack is inserted, and the exterior case is fused by a heat or an ultrasonic sealing apparatus. The assembly then is checked for internal shorts, the moisture is removed by heating in a vacuum dryer, the electrolyte (polymer or conventional electrolyte depending upon the cell kind) is then injected, and the cell is vacuum-sealed in a two-chamber configuration. After formation, any gas formed is removed by a vacuum, the cell resealed, and the gas chamber discarded. Finally, the cell is subjected to... 

Qualitative or quantitative mass spectrometric analysis can be made by one of two alternative configurations. Either the sample is decomposed in the high vacuum chamber of the mass spectrometer (MS) itself or reaction proceeds in an external system at higher pressure (e.g. a microbalance)... 

Several investigators have used the two-chamber diffusion cell configuration. This experimental method has been found useful to determine diffusion coefficients [11] and to study drug transport from drug delivery devices [12],... 

Optimization of the target chamber configuration resulted in a design employing two radially-directed inlets at 135° to a single radially-directed capillary outlet. We have chosen an inside capillary diameter of 2.4 mm as a reasonable compromise between target chamber purge rate and helium flow rate. 

The latest developed configuration in fluidised bed coating is the tangential-spray or rotary-spray set-up, depicted in Figure 16.6. Unlike the two previous configurations, the product container and expansion chamber are cylindrically shaped and the air distribution plate is replaced with a rotating disk with adjustable height. 

Figure 5 Illuminance (upper) and irradiance (lower) photostability chamber mapping of a single photostability chamber configured with both cool white fluorescent lamps and UVA lamps. (Chamber configured with six cool white fluorescent and two UVA fluorescent bulbs, symmetrically arranged—2 cool white, 1 UVA, 2 cool white, 1 UVA, 2 cool white.

Currently Newtronic offers (31) one model of photstability chamber, which is pictured in Figure 16. This two-chamber unit is designed to meet ICH, Option 2 requirements. It has five, VIS (cool-white) and five, UV-A lamps mounted in an overhead configuration, in their own separate compartments. The inside is all stainless steel. 

Sloot et al. [1990] presented a simplified isothermal CNMR/ORG model which assumes that the two chambers divided by the membrane are well mixed. In practical applications, the model needs to be incorporated into a more complex model which, for example, considers the effect of flow configuration (cocurrent or countercurrent mode). In their model, mass transfer in the direction perpendicular to a flat membrane (i.e., y-direction) is considered for a general instantaneous, reversible reaction... 

Figure 2.2 Schematic of a two-chambered MFC or an MEC configuration, both having an anode electrode (AE), where Geobacter biofilms catalyze the oxidation of the electron donor (Djg to Dgjj). A proton-exchange membrane separates the two chambers to allow the diffusion of protons (H" ) from the anode to the cathode chamber. In the MFC, the anode electrode is wired directly to the cathode electrode (CE), and the amount of electrons (e") generated by the anode biofilms is dependent on the reduction potential of the electron acceptor (reaction A to Ajg) used as catholyte. In the MEC, the cathode limitation is bypassed using a potentiostat, which sets a constant potential of the anode electrode versus a reference electrode (RE) and allows the H" " and the e" to combine on the cathode electrode to generate Hj.

The flow of gas from occupying a volume V to occupying a volume 2V in the two chamber setup corresponds to our everyday experience. We do not walk into a room and from time to time find all the air is in one half of the room while the other half is evacuated rather, the air has a uniform density throughout the room. It occupies the entire volume, not part of it, because that maximizes the number of configurations or arrangements of gas particles. In the hypothetical example, the expansion of the gas from occupying one chamber to occupying two is a spontaneous process. Once the valve is opened, it happens without external influence. As well, if is an irreversible process. 

Particles in the sample chamber scatter light out of the incident beam. Upon leaving the sample chamber the scattered light may be guided to the detector plane either by Fourier optics or by reverse Fourier optics. A typical schematic ofthese two optical configurations is shown in Figure 3.17. 

On the cathode electrode, oxygen reduction prefers alkaline conditions to obtain a lower reduction overpotential. Both Puig et al. [85] and He et al. [86] reported the highest current and power generation at pH 9.0-9.5 in two-chamber air-cathode MFCs. Differences in the above results may arise from the different operating conditions (such as substrates, electrolyte conductivity, temperature) and MFC configurations in these studies. 

A Soller slit/Z-1 Alter combination, which was custom-designed for the specific sample chamber configuration and the distance between the sample and the detector, was inserted between the sample fluid jet and the deteetors. Two PMTs operating in current mode were used to acquire multiple photons from... 

The use of a non-pervaporative extractor-type catalytic polymeric membrane reactor has been reported for light alcohol/acetic acid esterifications. A cross-linked poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSA)/PVA blend flat membrane was assembled in the reactor in a vertical configuration, separating two chambers. One of the chambers was loaded with an aqueous solution of ethanol and acetic acid, while the other chamber was filled with chlorobenzene. The esterification equilibrium is displaced to the product s side by the continuous extraction of the formed ester. In the esterifications of methanol, ethanol and n-propanol with acetic acid, the reactivity through the PSA/PVA membrane was higher than that with HCl as catalyst. In that of n-butanol with acetic acid, however, it was viceversa. 

The use of an extractor-type polymeric catalytic membrane reactor has also been described by Wu et for phenol allylation. Ion-exchange membranes, consisting of poly (styrene quaternary ammonium halide) cross-linked with divinylbenzene paste on polypropylene non-woven fabric, were assembled in a two-chamber flat membrane reactor, either in a horizontal configuration or in a vertical configuration. One of the chambers was filled with an aqueous solution of phenol and sodium hydroxide, while the other chamber was filled with a solution of allylbromide in dichloroethane, the membranes acting as phase transfer catalysts according to the mechanism depicted in Fig. 1.5. 

Solution containers were obtained in which panel leaks (for the purposes of this paper, a panel leak is defined as a hole through the plastic film of a flexible container) had been detected at various points of the life of the product, such as during distribution or before patient use. The solution container was a two-chamber bag, with a peelable section separating the two chambers. In the finished product configuration, the two chambers are folded together, and packaged with the fold on the bottom of the carton. 

Figure 13 shows two pipe distributors, one in a branched and one in a ring configuration. These distributors minimize weeping, have good turndown, may requite the lowest pressure drop, and avoid the need for a plenum chamber. They are also well suited to multiple-level fluid injection. The disadvantages of these distributors are that there are defluidized soHds beneath the distributor and the mechanical design is more complex. 

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