Tumor markers prostate-specific antigen

Intervention trials confirmed this protective role of lycopene on prostate cancer risk. Three primary intervention studies evaluated the effect of lycopene supplementation on prostate cancer risk or on certain risk markers such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) plasma concentration or oxidative alterations of leucocyte DNA. - All showed increases of plasma and prostate lycopene levels after diet supplementation with lycopene and inverse correlations between tumor incidence and risk biomarkers. 

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA, hK3) and, more recently, human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2) are used as tumor markers for prostate cancer. Several... 

Becker C, Lilja H. Individual prostate-specific antigen (PSA) forms as prostate tumor markers. Clin Chim Acta 1997 257 117-132. 

Oesterling JE. Prostate specific antigen A critical assessment of the most useful tumor marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 1991 145 907-23. 

Other members of the chymotrypsin family include a collection of proteins that take part in blood clotting, to be discussed in Chapter 10, as well as the tumor marker protein prostate specific antigen (PSA). In addition, a wide range of proteases found in bacteria, viruses, and plants belong to this clan. 

The earlier a disease is diagnosed, the more efficient a therapy can be. This is true for virtually any type of disease, including infectious conditions [1], Alzheimer s disease as well as other dementias [2, 3], and is best documented for tumorous diseases [4], where the current compilation of internationally acknowledged markers in human blood [5] contains not more than a handful of proteins Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), CA 125 carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-feto protein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotro pin (HCG), CA 19-9, CA 15-3, CA 27-29, lac... 

The use of classical serum tumor markers, e.g., for screening of breast, lung, or bowel cancer, has largely failed. Unanswered questions still remain about the pros and cons of prostate-specific antigen measurements. 

PSA (prostate specific antigen) Tumor marker TPrA, Ru(bpy)3 (232, 258-260)... 

With few exceptions, an increase in the activity or mass of an enzyme or isoenzyme is not specific or sensitive enough to be used for identifying the type of cancer or the specific organ involvement. An exception is PSA. PSA has mild protease activity and amino acid sequence homology with serine protease of the kallikrein family.It is expressed by normal, benign, hyperplastic, and cancerous prostate glands and minimally by other tissue. Until the application of PSA as a marker for prostate cancer, tumor enzymes had lost most of their popularity for use as cancer markers. Enzymes were used historically as tumor markers before the discovery of oncofetal antigens and the advent of monoclonal antibodies. The abnormalities of enzymes as a marker for cancer are either the expression of the fetal form of the enzyme (isozyme) or the ectopic production of enzymes. 

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