Antigens markers

Markers Most of the lymphocytes express specific cell surface makers on their cell surface. Some are present for a short duration while others are responsible for their characterization. Such molecules can be used to distinguish various cell subsets. The selected antigenic markers on leukocytes are depicted in Table 1.2. 

Tumour markers. Specific types of cancer may produce so-called tumour markers. These markers can be monitored by serum samples that will show the amount of the marker in the blood. Again it is essential to have a baseline measurement of the specific tumour marker in order to monitor any change during treatment. In the case of Mrs KT, a baseline measurement of the CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) marker should be taken and then monitored at each cycle of treatment. Response to treatment should be demonstrated by a progressive reduction in tumour marker levels. 

B. H., Synthesis and enzyme inhibitory activities of novel peptide isosteres, Curr. Med. Chem. 9, 2243-2270, 2002 Roy, R. and Baek, M.G., Glyco-dendrimers novel glycotope isosteres unmasking sugar coding. Case study with T-antigen markers from breast cancer MUCl glycoprotein, J. Bio-technoL 90, 291-309, 2002 Rye, C.S. and Baell, J.B., Phosphate isosteres in medicinal chemistry, Curr. Med. Chem. 12, 3127-3141, 2005. 

In addition, the tnemhruncs on the surfuee of nucleated cells have specific antigenic markers, major histcKompatibil-ity complex (MHC). by which the immune system monitors the cell s status. There are receptors on the cell surface where hormones. such as epinephrine and insulin bind, setting off... 

Another set of antigenic markers associated with the same chromosome as the MHC in the mouse recognizes certain lymphocyte surface receptors (Ly antigens) and has been used to differentiate thymus-derived lymphocytes (T lymphocytes) involved in helper and suppressor functions (Cantor and Boyse, 1975). 

Couto A, Alenius M, Dickson BJ (2005) Molecular, anatomical, and functional organization of the Drosophila olfactory system. Curr Biol 15 1535-1547 Crittenden JR, Skoulakis EM, Han KA, Kalderon D, Davis RL (1998) Tripartite mushroom body architecture revealed by antigenic markers. Learn Mem 5 38-51 Dahanukar A, Foster K, van der Goes van Naters WM, Carlson JR (2001) A Gr receptor is required for response to the sugar trehalose in taste neurons of Drosophila. Nat Neurosci 4 1182-1186 Dahanukar A, Lei Y-T, Kwon JY, Carlson JR (2007) Two Gr genes underlie sugar reception in Drosophila. Neuron 56 503-516... 

F6. Finger, I., Use of simple gel diffusion techniques to assign antigenic markers to native proteins. Nature 208, 1035-1039 (1964). 

Hawkes R (1992) Antigenic markers of cerebellar modules in the adult mouse. Biochem. Soc Trans., 20, 391-395. 

Chedid A, Chejfec G, Eichorst M, et al. Antigenic markers of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 1990 65 84-87. 

Horoszewicz JS, Kawinski E, Murphy GP. Monoclonal antibodies to a new antigenic marker in epithelial prostatic cells and serum of prostatic cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 1987 7 927-935. 

Medullomyoblastomas occur in the midline posterior fossa of children and contain smooth or striated muscle fibers.They are mixtures of stainable muscle cells and small neuroectodermal cells resembling medulloblastoma, in contrast to pure primary intracranial rhabdomyosarcomas, which do not contain cells derived from neuroectoderm. Synaptophysin and retinal-S antigen markers facilitate detection of these neuroectodermal cells. Immunoperoxidase stains for desmin and muscle-specific actin markers confirm muscular differentiation (see Table 20.8). Mesodermal elements other than muscle are occasionally found in medulloblastomas and medullomyoblastomas. The medullomyoblastoma has lately been considered a subtype of medulloblastoma. ... 

These cell lines were examined for the expression of lineage-specific or lineage-related antigenic markers and for the expression of neural specific mRNAs. We examined the expression of NGF and its receptor, which are expressed by cells in the PNS, myelin basic protein (MBP) and the prote-olipid protein (PLP) of myelin which, in the PNS, are specific to Schwann cells. A neuron-specific gene SCG-10 (superior cervical ganglion, see Anderson and Axel, 1985) was also used in the analysis. 

Antigenic markers on cell membrane MBLA (mouse) Fc-receptor C3-receptor H-2/HL-A la 6, TL (mouse) H-2/HL-A la... 

Antigenic markers (allotypes) of immunoglobulin molecules were almost simultaneously reported for human and rabbit antibodies. Oudin (1956) observed that rabbit antibodies themselves elicited precipitating antibodies when they were injected into certain other rabbits. Oudin named the phenomenon allotypy and the antigenic determinants on the immunoglobulin molecules were called allotypes. At the same... 

S.L. Bologa, H.P. Siegrist, A. Z graggen, K. Hofmann, D. Weismann, D. Dahl and N. Herschkowitz, Expression of antigenic markers during the development of oligodendrocytes in mouse brain cell cultures. Brain Res. 210 217 (198l). 

M. C. Raff, R. Mirsky, K.L. Fields, R.P. Lisak, S.H. Dorfman, D.H. Silberberg, N.A. Gregson, S. Leibowitz and M.C. Kennedy, Galacto-cerebroside is a specific cell-surface antigen marker for oligodendrocytes in culture. Nature 274 813 (1978). 

Fig. 5.10. Outline of the polypeptide chain in the C domain of monomer 2 (Fig. 5.8). Note the interior location of the intrachain disulfide bond (solid bar) and the exposed locations of the Kern and Oz antigenic markers (Chapter 4). The Mz substitutions are valine for alanine 147 and asparagine for lysine 175 (32). From Schilfer et at. (29).

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