Prostate tumors antigens

Intervention trials confirmed this protective role of lycopene on prostate cancer risk. Three primary intervention studies evaluated the effect of lycopene supplementation on prostate cancer risk or on certain risk markers such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) plasma concentration or oxidative alterations of leucocyte DNA. - All showed increases of plasma and prostate lycopene levels after diet supplementation with lycopene and inverse correlations between tumor incidence and risk biomarkers. 

Provenge is a cancer vaccine using cell therapy technique. Dendritic cells are removed from patients. These cells are treated with the prostate-specific antigen prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), which is present in 95% of prostate cancer cases. The activated dendritic cells are returned to the patients and they stimulate the T cells to destroy cancer cells expressing the PAP, thus treating the tumor. 

Tables 8 and 9 show how some of the previously mentioned antibodies can distinguish between metastatic adenocarcinomas of unknown primaries in females and males, respectively. The panels are similar except for ERP (estrogen receptor protein), GCDFP-15, and S-100, which are used in females for their specificity for gynecologic tumors and PSA (prostatic specific antigen), used in males for its specificity for prostatic adenocarcinoma. These antibodies cannot absolutely distinguish among the tumor sources listed. However, they can guide pathologists and clinicians on which organs need to be further examined to determine the primary source of a metastatic tumor.

In four patients with prostate tumors who were treated with exemestane (two with and two without bicalutamide) there was progression of the tumor after 4 weeks, assessed by measurement of prostate-specific antigen and radiological signs (35). Three of the four had a significant increase in bone pain only a few days after starting treatment and a clear improvement in these symptoms after... 

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA, hK3) and, more recently, human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2) are used as tumor markers for prostate cancer. Several... 

Becker C, Lilja H. Individual prostate-specific antigen (PSA) forms as prostate tumor markers. Clin Chim Acta 1997 257 117-132. 

R. Peracaula, G. Tabares, L. Royle, D. J. Harvey, R. A. Dwek, P. M. Rudd, and R. de Llorens, Altered glycosylation pattern allows the distinction between prostate-specific antigen (PSA) from normal and tumor origins, Glycobiology 13 (2003), 457-470. 

Other enzymes are also useful indices of liver pathology. Serum alkaline phosphatase is often a useful indicator of liver and bone disease. The alkaline phosphatases are a diverse group of enzymes that catalyze reactions in which a phosphate is removed from a phosphate ester, especially at an alkaline pH. Physicians don t care about this. They do care that serum alkaline phosphatase levels often rise with bone breakdown (as in tumor infiltration) and in liver disease, especially where tliere is obstruction of the bile duct. Acid phosphatase is particularly rich in the prostate. A rise in its serum levels provides a test as to the presence of prostate carcinoma. This test has largely been replaced by assay for Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), a serine protease that is elevated in prostatic carcinoma. 

Kasper, S., Sheppard, R C., Yan, Y., Pettigrew, N., Borowsky, A. D., Prins, G. S., Dodd, J. G., Duckworth, M. L. and Matusik, R. J. (1998). Development, progression, and androgen-dependence of prostate tumors in probasin-large T antigen transgenic mice a model for prostate cancer. Lab. Invest. 78, 1-15. 

A flare phenomenon is a well-documented effect of hormonal therapies and/or hormone-responsive tumors. A prostate-specific antigen flare occurred in four of 28 patients who received liposomal doxorubicin (Caelyx) for symptomatic androgen-independent prostate cancer (40). 

TABLE 23-7 Prostate-Specific Antigen and Tumor Status In Prostatectomy 297 Men Followed 1 1 to 13 Years After Radical ... 

Oesterling JE. Prostate specific antigen A critical assessment of the most useful tumor marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 1991 145 907-23. 

Other members of the chymotrypsin family include a collection of proteins that take part in blood clotting, to be discussed in Chapter 10, as well as the tumor marker protein prostate specific antigen (PSA). In addition, a wide range of proteases found in bacteria, viruses, and plants belong to this clan. 

S. CiriUo, M. Petracchini, P. Della Monica, T. GaUo, V. TartagUa, E. Vestita, et al., Value of endorectal MRl and MRS in patients with elevated prostate-specific antigen levels and previous negative biopsies to localize peripheral zone tumors, Clin. Radiol. 63 (2008) 871. 

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