Tumor indication

NMOR is a potent hepatocarcinogen in the rat and induces tracheal and nasal cavity tumors in the Syrian golden hamster (43, 44, 45). It is formed readily from nitrite and morpholine in vitro and administration of these precursors to rodents causes tumors indicative of NMOR formation in vivo (44, 55, 56), NMOR has been detected in crankcase emissions of diesel engines and in factories engaged in rubber and tire manufacturing (57, 58). 

Phase 1 dose-escalating and PK studies of Vatalanib were performed on a wide spectrum of tumors including colorectal, RCC, NSCLC, AML, ghoblas-toma, and prostate cancer. Dose ranged up to 2000 mg once daily or 1000 mg twice daily by oral administration. In most studies, results in patients with advanced solid tumors indicated that treatment was well tolerated with no drug-related serious adverse events. Tumor volume reduction was observed in some patients. The MTD was not reached with doses up to 1500 mg/day. The optimal dose was determined as 1250 mg/day. Measurable responses of tumor volume reduction were observed in 19% and 4% of the patients with RCC and ghoblastoma, respectively. Over 50% of patients achieved stable disease [282]. 

Patients with retinoblastoma suffer from a high incidence of tumors arising from clonal outgrowth of some retinal precursor cells due to mutation of the tumor suppressor gene RBI. Analysis of cells from these tumors indicates that both copies of the RBI gene are mutated or lost, whereas the surrounding retinal cells have at least one functional RBI allele. 

As a predictor of the concentration of cisplatin in normal peritoneal tissues, these data indicate a steady-state penetration depth (distance to half the surface layer concentration) of about 0.1 mm (100 tm). If this distance applied to tumor tissue, penetration even to three or four times this depth would make it difficult to effectively dose tumor nodules of 1- to 2-mm diameter. Fortunately, crude data are available from proton-induced X-ray emission studies of cisplatin transport into intraperitoneal rat tumors, indicating that the penetration into tumor is deeper and is in the range of 1-1.5 mm (10). Such distances are obtained from Equation 9.5 or 9.5 only if k is much smaller than in normal peritoneal tissues — that is, theory suggests that low permeability coefficient-surface area products in tumor (e.g., due to a developing microvasculature and a lower capillary density) may be responsible for the deeper tumor penetration. 

The sensitivity of man, animals and plants to UV-B and UV-A radiation is of special importance. Possible effects are, for example, growth changes or a decrease in harvest crops (photosynthesis disruption), tumor indications (skin cancer and eye diseases) and the decrease of sea plankton, which would affect the food chain. One side-effect of ozone depletion is the warming up of the earth s surface. 

Figure 3. Bacteria colonize tumors (indicated by open arrow) but not inflammatory sites induced by Sephadex (indicated by solid arrow).

Miettinen MM, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Kovatich AJ, et al. Cal-ponin and h-caldesmon in soft tissue tumors Consistent h-caldesmon immunoreactivity in gastrointestinal stromal tumors indicates traits of smooth muscle differentiation. Mod Pathol. 1999 12 756-762. 

P. Spinelli, A. Mancini, M. Dal Fante (1995). Endoscopic treatment of gastrointestinal tumors indications and results of laser photocoagulation and photodynamic therapy. 

Ariel I (1965) Intra-arterial injection of radioactive microspheres of ceramic in the treatment of malignant tumors. Indications and clinical results. Minerva Med 56 2030-2037... 

Regulation in tumor cells appears to allow more efficient conversion of IMP to AMP. The level of the synthetase is increased from 1.6- to 3.7-fold in a number of tumors irrespective of growth rate (23). The kinetic properties of the acidic isozymes from Walker 10) and Novikoff 45) tumors indicate decreased inhibition by AMP. The Km for IMP is decreased for the Novikoff enzyme while the Km for aspartate is increased 45). These changes would favor AMP synthesis as compared to nonneoplastic cells. 

DSPE-mPEG functionalized SWCNT. Inset photo of an aqueous suspension of functionalized SWCNTs. (B) AFM image of SWCNTs. (C) Absorption curves of SWCNTs and AuNRs with the same mass concentration of 0.35 mg mL . (D) Optical image of a mouse with two 4T1 tumors (indicated by arrows). (E) An NIR photoluminescent image 48 h after injection. Reproduced from ref. 93 with kind permission from Springer Science+Business Media. 

Uzzo RG, Novick AC (2001) Nephron sparing surgery for renal tumors indications, techniques and outcomes. J Urol 166 6-18... 

Wood TF, Rose DM, Chung M et al. (2000) Radiofrequency ablation of 231 unresectable hepatic tumors indications, limitations, and complications. Ann Surg Oncol 7 593-600... 

Eee MJ, Mueller PR, Dawson SL, Gazelle SG, Hahn PF, Goldberg MA, Boland GW (1995) Percutaneous ethanol injection for the treatment of hepatic tumors indications, mechanism of action, technique, and efficacy. Am J Roentgenol 164 215-220... 

Female CD-I mice initiated with 200 nmol of DMBA and promoted with 5 nmol TPA twice a week for 16 weeks developed an average of 19.5 skin tumors per mouse, and 93% of mice had skin tumors. Topical application of 3 or 10 pmol of DBM with 5 nmol TPA twice a week for 16 weeks inhibited the number of skin tumors per mouse by 65.1 or 93.3%, and the percentage of mice with skin tumors was decreased by 29 and 49.5%, respectively,(Table 11). Additional groups of mice were initiated with DMBA and then treated with acetone or 10 pmol DBM twice weekly for 16 weeks. None of these animals developed tumors, indicating that DBM was not a tumor promoter. DBM inhibited both TPA-induced number of skin tumors per mouse and percent of tumor incidence (Table II). 

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